Bosnia and Herzegovina

total: 770,424 (2020 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 24 (2020 est.)

3 public TV broadcasters: Radio and TV of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Federation TV (operating 2 networks), and Republika Srpska Radio-TV; a local commercial network of 5 TV stations; 3 private, near-national TV stations and dozens of small independent TV broadcasting stations; 3 large public radio broadcasters and many private radio stations (2019)

.ba

total: 2.508 million (2021 est.) percent of population: 76% (2021 est.)

general assessment: the telecom market has been liberalized and a regulatory framework created based on the EU s regulatory framework for communications; although Bosnia-Herzegovina remains an EU candidate country, in July 2017 it applied amended mobile roaming charges to fit in with changes introduced across the Union; further roaming agreements were made in 2019 with other western Balkan countries; the fixed-line broadband network is comparatively underdeveloped, with the result that investments made in mobile upgrades to facilitate broadband connectivity in the country to a greater extent than is common elsewhere in Europe; internet services are available; DSL and cable are the main platforms for fixed-line connectivity, while fiber broadband as yet has only a small market presence; the three MNOs, each affiliated with one of the incumbent fixed-line operators, provide national coverage with 3G, though LTE coverage is only about 89%; their upgraded networks are helping to support broadband in rural areas where fixed-line infrastructure is insufficient; mobile data and mobile broadband offers will provide future revenue growth given the limited potential of mobile voice services; the MNOs tested LTE services under trial licenses from 2013, commercial launches were delayed until the award of spectrum in early 2019; the regulator stipulated that licenses must provide national coverage within five years; trials of 5G technology have been undertaken, though there are no plans to launch services commercially in the short term, given that the MNOs can continue to exploit the capacity of their existing LTE networks (2021) domestic: fixed-line teledensity roughly 21 per 100 persons and mobile-cellular subscribership stands at 114 telephones per 100 persons (2021) international: country code - 387; no satellite earth stations

total subscriptions: 651,000 (2022 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 20 (2022 est.)

total subscriptions: 3.812 million (2022 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 118 (2022 est.)

maize, milk, vegetables, potatoes, plums, wheat, apples, barley, chicken, pears (2022) note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

on food: 29.2% of household expenditures (2022 est.) on alcohol and tobacco: 8.3% of household expenditures (2022 est.)

revenues: $10.195 billion (2023 est.) expenditures: $9.739 billion (2023 est.) note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Moody's rating: B3 (2012) Standard & Poors rating: B (2011) note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.

-$760.467 million (2023 est.) -$1.065 billion (2022 est.) -$418.984 million (2021 est.) note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

$4.521 billion (2022 est.) note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

import-dominated economy; remains consumption-heavy; lack of private sector investments and diversification; jointly addressing structural economic challenges; Chinese energy infrastructure investments; high unemployment; tourism industry impacted by COVID-19

konvertibilna markas (BAM) per US dollar - 1.809 (2023 est.) 1.859 (2022 est.) 1.654 (2021 est.) 1.717 (2020 est.) 1.747 (2019 est.)

$11.942 billion (2023 est.) $11.794 billion (2022 est.) $10.058 billion (2021 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

aluminum, electricity, footwear, garments, plastic products (2022) note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Croatia 14%, Germany 14%, Serbia 13%, Italy 10%, Austria 9% (2022) note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

$27.055 billion (2023 est.) note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

household consumption: 71.9% (2023 est.) government consumption: 19.9% (2023 est.) investment in fixed capital: 22.1% (2022 est.) investment in inventories: 4.7% (2023 est.) exports of goods and services: 44.1% (2023 est.) imports of goods and services: -56.9% (2023 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

agriculture: 4.3% (2023 est.) industry: 23.3% (2023 est.) services: 56.4% (2023 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

$15.398 billion (2023 est.) $15.162 billion (2022 est.) $12.738 billion (2021 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

refined petroleum, aluminum, garments, coal, cars (2022) note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Croatia 16%, Serbia 13%, Germany 8%, Italy 8%, China 7% (2022) note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

-2.8% (2023 est.) note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, ammunition, domestic appliances, oil refining

1.98% (2021 est.) -1.05% (2020 est.) 0.56% (2019 est.)

1.369 million (2023 est.) note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

16.9% (2015 est.) note: % of population with income below national poverty line

41.74% of GDP (2022 est.) note: central government debt as a % of GDP

$63.769 billion (2023 est.) $62.717 billion (2022 est.) $60.174 billion (2021 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

1.68% (2023 est.) 4.23% (2022 est.) 7.39% (2021 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

$19,900 (2023 est.) $19,400 (2022 est.) $18,400 (2021 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

10.53% of GDP (2023 est.) 10.52% of GDP (2022 est.) 10.47% of GDP (2021 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

$9.205 billion (2023 est.) $8.762 billion (2022 est.) $9.475 billion (2021 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

19.09% (of GDP) (2022 est.) note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

10.42% (2023 est.) 12.66% (2022 est.) 14.9% (2021 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment

total: 26.5% (2023 est.) male: 24.6% (2023 est.) female: 30.1% (2023 est.) note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

25.762 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.) from coal and metallurgical coke: 20.191 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.) from petroleum and other liquids: 5.141 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.) from consumed natural gas: 430,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

production: 14.114 million metric tons (2022 est.) consumption: 14.766 million metric tons (2022 est.) exports: 739,000 metric tons (2022 est.) imports: 1.425 million metric tons (2022 est.) proven reserves: 2.264 billion metric tons (2022 est.)

installed generating capacity: 4.591 million kW (2022 est.) consumption: 12.648 billion kWh (2022 est.) exports: 6.856 billion kWh (2022 est.) imports: 3.828 billion kWh (2022 est.) transmission/distribution losses: 1.353 billion kWh (2022 est.)

electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)

fossil fuels: 69.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.) solar: 0.7% of total installed capacity (2022 est.) wind: 2.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.) hydroelectricity: 27.7% of total installed capacity (2022 est.) biomass and waste: 0.1% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

92.698 million Btu/person (2022 est.)

consumption: 225.824 million cubic meters (2022 est.) imports: 225.824 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

refined petroleum consumption: 36,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)

particulate matter emissions: 26.19 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.) carbon dioxide emissions: 21.85 megatons (2016 est.) methane emissions: 2.92 megatons (2020 est.)

hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast

air pollution; deforestation and illegal logging; inadequate wastewater treatment and flood management facilities; sites for disposing of urban waste are limited; land mines left over from the 1992-95 civil strife are a hazard in some areas

party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

agricultural land: 42.2% (2018 est.) arable land: 19.7% (2018 est.) permanent crops: 2% (2018 est.) permanent pasture: 20.5% (2018 est.) forest: 42.8% (2018 est.) other: 15% (2018 est.)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

0.34% of GDP (2018 est.)

0.49% of GDP (2018 est.)

37.5 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

municipal: 310 million cubic meters (2020 est.) industrial: 60 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

urban population: 50.3% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

municipal solid waste generated annually: 1,248,718 tons (2015 est.) municipal solid waste recycled annually: 12 tons (2015 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 0% (2015 est.)

total : 51,197 sq km land: 51,187 sq km water: 10 sq km

slightly smaller than West Virginia

hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast

20 km

highest point: Maglic 2,386 m lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m mean elevation: 500 m

44 00 N, 18 00 E

within Bosnia and Herzegovina's recognized borders, the country is divided into a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation (about 51% of the territory) and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska or RS (about 49% of the territory); the region called Herzegovina is contiguous to Croatia and Montenegro, and traditionally has been settled by an ethnic Croat majority in the west and an ethnic Serb majority in the east

30 sq km (2012)

total: 1,543 km border countries (3): Croatia 956 km; Montenegro 242 km; Serbia 345 km

agricultural land: 42.2% (2018 est.) arable land: 19.7% (2018 est.) permanent crops: 2% (2018 est.) permanent pasture: 20.5% (2018 est.) forest: 42.8% (2018 est.) other: 15% (2018 est.)

Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Croatia

Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

Europe

NA

destructive earthquakes

coal, iron ore, antimony, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, cobalt, manganese, nickel, clay, gypsum, salt, sand, timber, hydropower

the northern and central areas of the country are the most densely populated

mountains and valleys

3 first-order administrative divisions - Brcko District (Brcko Distrikt) (ethnically mixed), Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine) (predominantly Bosniak-Croat), Republika Srpska (predominantly Serb)

name: Sarajevo geographic coordinates: 43 52 N, 18 25 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October etymology: the name derives from the Turkish noun saray , meaning "palace" or "mansion," and the term ova , signifying "plain(s)," to give a meaning of "palace plains" or "the plains about the palace"

citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina dual citizenship recognized: yes, provided there is a bilateral agreement with the other state residency requirement for naturalization: 8 years

history: 14 December 1995 (constitution included as part of the Dayton Peace Accords); note - each of the political entities has its own constitution amendments: decided by the Parliamentary Assembly, including a two-thirds majority vote of members present in the House of Representatives; the constitutional article on human rights and fundamental freedoms cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2009

conventional long form: none conventional short form: Bosnia and Herzegovina local long form: none local short form: Bosna i Hercegovina former: People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina abbreviation: BiH etymology: the larger northern territory is named for the Bosna River; the smaller southern section takes its name from the German word "herzog," meaning "duke," and the ending "-ovina," meaning "land," forming the combination denoting "dukedom"

chief of mission: Ambassador Michael J. MURPHY (since 23 February 2022) embassy: 1 Robert C. Frasure Street, 71000 Sarajevo mailing address: 7130 Sarajevo Place, Washington DC 20521-7130 telephone: [387] (33) 704-000 FAX: [387] (33) 659-722 email address and website: sarajevoACS@state.gov https://ba.usembassy.gov/ branch office(s): Banja Luka, Mostar

chief of mission: Ambassador Sven ALKALAJ (since 30 June 2023) chancery: 2109 E Street NW, Washington, DC 20037 telephone: [1] (202) 337-1500 FAX: [1] (202) 337-1502 email address and website: info@bhembassy.org http://www.bhembassy.org/index.html consulate(s) general: Chicago

chief of state: Chairperson of the Presidency Zeljka CVIJANOVIC (chairperson since 16 November 2024; presidency member since 16 November 2022 - Serb seat); Denis BECIROVIC (presidency member since 16 November 2022 - Bosniak seat); Zeljko KOMSIC (presidency member since 20 November 2018 - Croat seat) head of government: Chairperson of the Council of Ministers Borjana KRISTO (since 25 January 2023) cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairperson, approved by the state-level House of Representatives elections/appointments: 3-member presidency (1 Bosniak and 1 Croat elected from the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 1 Serb elected from the Republika Srpska) directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term but then ineligible for 4 years); the presidency chairpersonship rotates every 8 months with the new member of the presidency elected with the highest number of votes starting the new mandate as chair; election last held on 2 October 2022 (next to be held in October 2026); the chairperson of the Council of Ministers appointed by the presidency and confirmed by the state-level House of Representatives election results: 2022: percent of vote - Denis BECIROVIC - (SDP BiH) 57.4% - Bosniak seat; Zeljko KOMSIC (DF) 55.8% - Croat seat; Zeljka CVIJANOVIC (SNSD) 51.7% - Serb seat 2018: percent of vote - Milorad DODIK (SNSD) 53.9% - Serb seat; Zeljko KOMSIC (DF) 52.6% - Croat seat; Sefik DZAFEROVIC (SDA) 36.6% - Bosniak seat note: President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Lidiia BRADARA (since 28 February 2023); Vice Presidents Refik LENDO (since 28 February 2023) and Igor STOJANOVIC (since 28 February 2023); President of the Republika Srpska Milorad DODIK (since 15 November 2022); Vice Presidents Camil DURAKOVIC (since 15 November 2022) and Davor PRANJIC (since 15 November 2022)

a wide blue vertical band on the fly side with a yellow isosceles triangle abutting the band and the top of the flag; the remainder of the flag is blue with seven full five-pointed white stars and two half stars top and bottom along the hypotenuse of the triangle; the triangle approximates the shape of the country and its three points stand for the constituent peoples - Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs; the stars represent Europe and are meant to be continuous (thus the half stars at top and bottom); the colors (white, blue, and yellow) are often associated with neutrality and peace, and traditionally are linked with Bosnia note: one of several flags where a prominent component of the design reflects the shape of the country; other such flags are those of Brazil, Eritrea, and Vanuatu

parliamentary republic

1 March 1992 (from Yugoslavia); note - referendum for independence completed on 1 March 1992; independence declared on 3 March 1992

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

BIS, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer) note : Bosnia-Herzegovina is an EU candidate country whose satisfactory completion of accession criteria is required before being granted full EU membership

highest court(s): Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members); Court of BiH (consists of 44 national judges and 7 international judges organized into 3 divisions - Administrative, Appellate, and Criminal, which includes a War Crimes Chamber) judge selection and term of office: BiH Constitutional Court judges - 4 selected by the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina House of Representatives, 2 selected by the Republika Srpska's National Assembly, and 3 non-Bosnian judges selected by the president of the European Court of Human Rights; Court of BiH president and national judges appointed by the High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council; Court of BiH president appointed for renewable 6-year term; other national judges appointed to serve until age 70; international judges recommended by the president of the Court of BiH and appointed by the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina; international judges appointed to serve until age 70 subordinate courts: the Federation has 10 cantonal courts plus a number of municipal courts; the Republika Srpska has a supreme court, 5 district courts, and a number of municipal courts

civil law system; Constitutional Court review of legislative acts

description: bicameral Parliamentary Assembly or Skupstina consists of: House of Peoples or Dom Naroda (15 seats - 5 Bosniak, 5 Croat, 5 Serb; members designated by the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina's House of Peoples and the Republika Srpska's National Assembly to serve 4-year terms) House of Representatives or Predstavnicki Dom (42 seats to include 28 seats allocated to the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 14 to the Republika Srpska; members directly elected by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms) elections: House of Peoples - last held on 2 October 2022 (next to be held in 2026) House of Representatives - last held on 2 October 2022 (next to be held in 2026) election results: House of Peoples - percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; seats by party/coalition - NA; composition - men 13, women 2, percentage women 13.3% House of Representatives - percent of vote by party/coalition - SDA 17.2%, SNSD 16.3%, HDZ BiH 8.8%, SDP 8.2%, SDS 7.1%, DF-GS 6.4%, NiP 5%, PDP 4.6%, NS/HC 3.1%, NES 3%, For Justice and Order 2.1%, DEMOS 1.9%, US 1.6%, BHI KF 1.3%, other 13.4%; seats by party/coalition - SDA 9, SNSD 6, SDP 5, HDZ BiH 4, DF-GS 3, NiP 3, SDS 2, PDP 2, NS/HC 2, NES 2, For Justice and Order 1, DEMOS 1, US 1, BHI KF 1; composition - men 34, women 8, percentage women 19.1%; total Parliamentary Assembly percentage women 17.5%

name: "Drzavna himna Bosne i Hercegovine" (The National Anthem of Bosnia and Herzegovina) lyrics/music: none officially/Dusan SESTIC note: music adopted 1999; lyrics proposed in 2008 and others in 2016 were not approved

total World Heritage Sites: 5 (3 cultural, 2 natural) selected World Heritage Site locales: Old Bridge Area of Mostar (c); Mehmed Pa a Sokolović Bridge in Vi egrad (c); Stećci Medieval Tombstones Graveyards (c);Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe- Janj Forest (n); Vjetrenica Cave, Ravno (n)

Independence Day, 1 March (1992) and Statehood Day, 25 November (1943) - both observed in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity; Victory Day, 9 May (1945) and Dayton Agreement Day, 21 November (1995) - both observed in the Republika Srpska entity note: there is no national-level holiday

golden lily; national colors: blue, yellow, white

Alliance of Independent Social Democrats or SNSD Bosnian-Herzegovinian Initiative or BHI KF Civic Alliance or GS Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HDZ-BiH Democratic Front or DF Democratic Union or DEMOS For Justice and Order Our Party or NS/HC Party for Democratic Action or SDA Party of Democratic Progress or PDP People and Justice Party or NiP People's European Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or NES Serb Democratic Party or SDS Social Democratic Party or SDP United Srpska or US

18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal

After four centuries of Ottoman rule over Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austria-Hungary took control in 1878 and held the region until 1918, when it was incorporated into the newly created Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. After World War II, Bosnia and Herzegovina joined the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). Bosnia and Herzegovina declared sovereignty in October 1991 and independence from the SFRY on 3 March 1992 after a referendum boycotted by ethnic Serbs. Bosnian Serb militias, with the support of Serbia and Croatia, then tried to take control of territories they claimed as their own. From 1992 to 1995, ethnic cleansing campaigns killed thousands and displaced more than two million people. On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the warring parties initialed a peace agreement, and the final agreement was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995. The Dayton Accords retained Bosnia and Herzegovina's international boundaries and created a multiethnic and democratic government composed of two entities roughly equal in size: the predominantly Bosniak-Bosnian Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the predominantly Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska (RS). The Dayton Accords also established the Office of the High Representative to oversee the agreement's implementation. In 1996, the NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR) took over responsibility for enforcing the peace. In 2004, European Union peacekeeping troops (EUFOR) replaced SFOR. As of 2022, EUFOR deploys around 1,600 troops in Bosnia in a peacekeeping capacity. Bosnia and Herzegovina became an official candidate for EU membership in 2022.

the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina (AFBiH) are comprised of the former Bosnian-Croat Army of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Vojska Federacije Bosne i Hercegovin, VF) and the Bosnian-Serb Republic of Serbia Army (Vojska Republike Srpske, VRS); the two forces were unified under the 2006 Law on Defense, and the combined force includes each ethnic group; the 2006 law also established the country s Ministry of Defense the AFBiH is responsible for territorial defense, providing assistance to civil authorities during disasters or other emergencies, and participating in collective security and peace support operations; each of the AFBiH's three combat brigades are headquartered inside of their respective ethnicity territory, while its main headquarters is in Sarajevo; Bosnia and Herzegovina aspires to join NATO; it joined NATO s Partnership for Peace (PfP) program in 2007 and was invited to join NATO s Membership Action Plan in 2010; the AFBiH is undergoing a 10-year (2017-2027) defense modernization and reform program for preparing to join and integrate with NATO; it has contributed small numbers of troops to EU, NATO, and UN missions NATO maintains a military headquarters in Sarajevo with the mission of assisting Bosnia and Herzegovina with the PfP program and promoting closer integration with NATO, as well as providing logistics and other support to the EU Force Bosnia and Herzegovina (EUFOR), which has operated in the country to oversee implementation of the Dayton/Paris Agreement since taking over from NATO's Stabilization Force (SFOR) in 2004; EUFOR has about 1,100 troops from 22 countries (2024)

Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina (AFBiH or Oruzanih Snaga Bosne i Hercegovine, OSBiH): Army, Air, Air Defense forces organized into an Operations Command and a Support Command Ministry of Security: Border Police (2024)

approximately 10,000 active-duty personnel (2024)

the military's inventory of weapons and equipment is a combination of material originating from the former Soviet Union/former Yugoslavia and secondhand deliveries from Western suppliers such as the UK and especially the US (2024)

0.8% of GDP (2023 est.) 0.8% of GDP (2022) 0.9% of GDP (2021) 0.9% of GDP (2020) 0.8% of GDP (2019)

18 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2005 (2024) note: as of 2024, women made up about 9% of the military's full-time personnel

0-14 years: 13.1% (male 257,444/female 240,209) 15-64 years: 68.3% (male 1,305,271/female 1,290,920) 65 years and over: 18.6% (2024 est.) (male 289,449/female 415,378)

total: 5.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) beer: 4.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) wine: 0.47 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) spirits: 0.62 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) other alcohols: 0.17 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

8.2 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

45.8% (2011/12)

9.8% of GDP (2020)

63.8% (2023 est.)

10.3 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

total dependency ratio: 48 youth dependency ratio: 22.3 elderly dependency ratio: 27.1 potential support ratio: 3.7 (2021 est.)

improved: urban: 99.9% of population rural: 100% of population total: 99.9% of population unimproved: urban: 0.1% of population rural: 0% of population total: 0.1% of population (2020 est.)

NA

Bosniak 50.1%, Serb 30.8%, Croat 15.4%, other 2.7%, not declared/no answer 1% (2013 est.) note: Republika Srpska authorities dispute the methodology and refuse to recognize the results; Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoid confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam

0.67 (2024 est.)

3.5 beds/1,000 population (2014)

total: 5 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.) male: 5.1 deaths/1,000 live births female: 4.9 deaths/1,000 live births

Bosnian (official) 52.9%, Serbian (official) 30.8%, Croatian (official) 14.6%, other 1.6%, no answer 0.2% (2013 est.) major-language sample(s): Knjiga svjetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Bosnian) Knjiga svetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Serbian) Knjiga svjetskih činjenica, nužan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Croatian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

total population: 78.5 years (2024 est.) male: 75.5 years female: 81.6 years

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 98.1% male: 99.4% female: 98.1% (2021)

346,000 SARAJEVO (capital) (2023)

6 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

total: 44.8 years (2024 est.) male: 43.1 years female: 46.5 years

27.7 years (2019 est.)

noun: Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s) adjective: Bosnian, Herzegovinian

-0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

17.9% (2016)

2.16 physicians/1,000 population (2015)

total: 3,798,671 male: 1,852,164 female: 1,946,507 (2024 est.)

the northern and central areas of the country are the most densely populated

-0.25% (2024 est.)

Muslim 50.7%, Orthodox 30.7%, Roman Catholic 15.2%, atheist 0.8%, agnostic 0.3%, other 1.2%, undeclared/no answer 1.1% (2013 est.)

improved: urban: 99.5% of population rural: NA total: NA unimproved: urban: 0.5% of population rural: NA total: (2020 est.) NA

total: 14 years male: 14 years female: 15 years (2014)

at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.07 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

total: 35% (2020 est.) male: 42% (2020 est.) female: 28% (2020 est.)

1.38 children born/woman (2024 est.)

urban population: 50.3% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

drug trafficking groups are major players in the procurement and transportation of large quantities of cocaine destined for European markets

IDPs: 91,000 (Bosnian Croats, Serbs, and Bosniaks displaced by inter-ethnic violence, human rights violations, and armed conflict during the 1992-95 war) (2022) stateless persons: 48 (2022) note: 153,304 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-March 2024)

13 (2024)

T9

3 (2024)

number of registered air carriers: 1 (2020) inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 1 annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 7,070 (2015) annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 87 (2015) mt-km

147 km gas, 9 km oil (2013)

total ports: 1 (2024) large: 0 medium: 0 small: 1 very small: 0 ports with oil terminals: 0 key ports: Neum

total: 965 km (2014) standard gauge: 965 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge (565 km electrified)

total: 8,619 km (2022)

990 km (2022) (Sava River on northern border; open to shipping but use limited)