Airports [time series]

total: 3 usable: 3 with permanent-surface runways: 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1

Roadways (Highways) [time series]

200 km bituminous surfaced, including 25 km bridge-causeway to Saudi Arabia opened in November 1986; NA km natural surface tracks

Merchant marine [time series]

9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 186,331 GRT/249,490 DWT; includes 5 cargo, 2 container, 1 liquefied gas, 1 bulk

Pipelines [time series]

crude oil 56 km; petroleum products 16 km; natural gas 32 km

Ports [time series]

Mina' Salman, Manama, Sitrah

Telecommunication systems (Telecommunications) [time series]

modern system; good domestic services; 98,000 telephones (1 for every 6 persons); excellent international connections; tropospheric scatter to Qatar, UAE; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; submarine cable to Qatar, UAE, and Saudi Arabia; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 2 TV

Affiliation [time series]

(territory of the US)

Military and security forces (Branches) [time series]

Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense, Police Force

Military expenditures (Defense expenditures) [time series]

exchange rate conversion - $245 million, 6% of GDP (1990)

Manpower availability [time series]

males age 15-49 194,770; fit for military service 107,696; reach military age (15) annually 5,043 (1993 est.)

Agricultural products (Agriculture) [time series]

including fishing, accounts for less than 2% of GDP; not self-sufficient in food production; heavily subsidized sector produces fruit, vegetables, poultry, dairy products, shrimp, fish; fish catch 9,000 metric tons in 1987

Budget [time series]

revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $1.32 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1989)

Exchange rates (Currency) [time series]

1 Bahraini dinar (BD) = 1,000 fils

Economic aid [time series]

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-79), $24 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $45 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $9.8 billion

Electricity [time series]

1,600,000 kW capacity; 4,700 million kWh produced, 8,500 kWh per capita (1992 est.)

Exchange rates [time series]

Bahraini dinars (BD) per US$1 - 0.3760 (fixed rate)

Exports [time series]

$3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: petroleum and petroleum products 80%, aluminum 7% partners: Japan 13%, UAE 12%, India 10%, Pakistan 8%

Debt - external (External debt) [time series]

$1.8 billion (1991 est.)

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year

Imports [time series]

$3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: nonoil 59%, crude oil 41% partners: Saudi Arabia 41%, US 14%, UK 7%, Japan 5%

Industrial production growth rate (Industrial production) [time series]

growth rate 3.8% (1988); accounts for 44% of GDP

Industries [time series]

petroleum processing and refining, aluminum smelting, offshore banking, ship repairing

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

2% (1992 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (National product) [time series]

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $4.3 billion (1992 est.)

Real GDP per capita (National product per capita) [time series]

$7,800 (1992 est.)

Real GDP growth rate (National product real growth rate) [time series]

3% (1992 est.)

Economic overview (Overview) [time series]

Petroleum production and processing account for about 80% of export receipts, 60% of government revenues, and 31% of GDP. Economic conditions have fluctuated with the changing fortunes of oil since 1985, for example, during the Gulf crisis of 1990-91. Bahrain with its highly developed communication and transport facilities is home to numerous multinational firms with business in the Gulf. A large share of exports consists of petroleum products made from imported crude.

Unemployment rate [time series]

8%-10% (1989)

Area [time series]

total area: 620 km2 land area: 620 km2 comparative area: slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Climate [time series]

arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers

Coastline [time series]

161 km

Environment - current issues (Environment) [time series]

subsurface water sources being rapidly depleted (requires development of desalination facilities); dust storms; desertification

Disputes - international (International disputes) [time series]

territorial dispute with Qatar over the Hawar Islands; maritime boundary with Qatar

Irrigated land [time series]

10 km2 (1989 est.)

Land boundaries [time series]

0 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 2% permanent crops: 2% meadows and pastures: 6% forest and woodland: 0% other: 90%

Location [time series]

Middle East, in the central Persian Gulf, between Saudi Arabia and Qatar

Map references [time series]

Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World

Maritime claims [time series]

contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: not specified territorial sea: 12 nm

Natural resources [time series]

oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas, fish

Note [time series]

close to primary Middle Eastern petroleum sources; strategic location in Persian Gulf through which much of Western world's petroleum must transit to reach open ocean

Terrain [time series]

mostly low desert plain rising gently to low central escarpment

Administrative divisions [time series]

12 districts (manatiq, singular - mintaqah); Al Hadd, Al Manamah, Al Mintaqah al Gharbiyah, Al Mintaqah al Wusta, Al Mintaqah ash Shamaliyah, Al Muharraq, Ar Rifa'wa al Mintaqah al Janubiyah, Jidd Hafs, Madinat Hamad, Madinat 'Isa, Mintaqat Juzur Hawar, Sitrah

Capital [time series]

Manama

Constitution [time series]

26 May 1973, effective 6 December 1973

Digraph [time series]

BA

Diplomatic representation in the US (Diplomatic representation in US) [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador 'Abd al-Rahman Faris Al KHALIFA chancery: 3502 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 342-0741 or 342-0742 consulate general: New York

Executive branch (Elections) [time series]

none

Executive branch [time series]

amir, crown prince and heir apparent, prime minister, Cabinet

Flag [time series]

red with a white serrated band (eight white points) on the hoist side

Independence [time series]

15 August 1971 (from UK)

Judicial branch [time series]

High Civil Appeals Court

Executive branch (Leaders) [time series]

Chief of State: Amir 'ISA bin Salman Al Khalifa (since 2 November 1961); Heir Apparent HAMAD bin 'Isa Al Khalifa (son of Amir; born 28 January 1950) Head of Government: Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman Al Khalifa (since 19 January 1970)

Legal system [time series]

based on Islamic law and English common law

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral National Assembly was dissolved 26 August 1975 and legislative powers were assumed by the Cabinet; appointed Advisory Council established 16 December 1992

International organization participation (Member of) [time series]

ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO

Country name (Names) [time series]

conventional long form: State of Bahrain conventional short form: Bahrain local long form: Dawlat al Bahrayn local short form: Al Bahrayn

National holiday [time series]

Independence Day, 16 December

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

political parties prohibited; several small, clandestine leftist and Islamic fundamentalist groups are active

Suffrage [time series]

none

Government type (Type) [time series]

traditional monarchy

Diplomatic representation from the US (US diplomatic representation) [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Dr. Charles W. HOSTLER embassy: Road No. 3119 (next to Alahli Sports Club), Zinj District, Manama mailing address: P. O. 26431, Manama, or FPO AE 09834-6210 telephone: [973] 273-300 FAX: (973) 272-594

Birth rate [time series]

26.89 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate [time series]

3.87 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Ethnic groups (Ethnic divisions) [time series]

Bahraini 63%, Asian 13%, other Arab 10%, Iranian 8%, other 6%

Infant mortality rate [time series]

20.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Labor force [time series]

140,000 by occupation: industry and commerce 85%, agriculture 5%, services 5%, government 3% (1982) note: 42% of labor force is Bahraini

Languages [time series]

Arabic, English, Farsi, Urdu

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 73.12 years male: 70.72 years female: 75.63 years (1993 est.)

Literacy [time series]

age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 77% male: 82% female: 69%

Nationality [time series]

noun: Bahraini(s) adjective: Bahraini

Net migration rate [time series]

7.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Population [time series]

568,471 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate [time series]

3.01% (1993 est.)

Religions [time series]

Shi'a Muslim 70%, Sunni Muslim 30%

Total fertility rate [time series]

3.99 children born/woman (1993 est.)