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Communications

Broadcast media [time series]

national public TV broadcaster; 2 privately owned companies provide subscription services to foreign multi-channel TV packages; national public radio broadcaster supplemented by a large number of privately owned and community broadcast stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2007)

Internet country code [time series]

.ml

Internet users (Internet hosts) [time series]

437 (2012) country comparison to the world: 186

Internet users [time series]

249,800 (2009) country comparison to the world: 135

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

general assessment: domestic system unreliable but improving; increasing use of local radio loops to extend network coverage to remote areas domestic: fixed-line subscribership remains less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscribership has increased sharply to about 70 per 100 persons international: country code - 223; satellite communications center and fiber-optic links to neighboring countries; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean, 1 Indian Ocean) (2010)

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones - main lines in use) [time series]

112,000 (2012) country comparison to the world: 142

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

14.613 million (2012) country comparison to the world: 59

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

cotton, millet, rice, corn, vegetables, peanuts; cattle, sheep, goats

Budget [time series]

revenues: $1.821 billion expenditures: $1.948 billion (2012 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) [time series]

-1.2% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 68

Central bank discount rate [time series]

16% (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 83 4.25% (31 December 2009 est.)

Commercial bank prime lending rate [time series]

9.3% (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 100 9% (31 December 2011 est.)

Current account balance [time series]

$-737.5 million (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 111 $-1.122 billion (2011 est.)

Debt - external [time series]

$3.041 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 136 $2.931 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income (Distribution of family income - Gini index) [time series]

40.1 (2001) country comparison to the world: 59 50.5 (1994)

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

Among the 25 poorest countries in the world, Mali is a landlocked country highly dependent on gold mining and agricultural exports for revenue. The country's fiscal status fluctuates with gold and agricultural commodity prices and the harvest. Mali remains dependent on foreign aid. Economic activity is largely confined to the riverine area irrigated by the Niger River and about 65% of its land area is desert or semidesert. About 10% of the population is nomadic and about 80% of the labor force is engaged in farming and fishing. Industrial activity is concentrated on processing farm commodities. The government in 2011 completed an IMF extended credit facility program that has helped the economy grow, diversify, and attract foreign investment. Mali is developing its cotton and iron ore extraction industries to diversify foreign exchange revenue away from gold. Mali has invested in tourism but security issues are hurting the industry. Mali experienced economic growth of about 5% per year between 1996-2010, but the global recession and a military coup caused a decline in output in 2012. The interim government slashed public spending in the context of a declining state of security and declining international aid.

Exchange rates [time series]

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 510.53 (2012 est.) 471.87 (2011 est.) 495.28 (2010 est.) 472.19 (2009) 447.81 (2008)

Exports [time series]

$2.756 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 132 $2.373 billion (2011 est.)

Exports - commodities [time series]

cotton, gold, livestock

Exports - partners [time series]

China 52.9%, Malaysia 11%, Indonesia 5.3%, India 4.1% (2012)

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year

GDP (official exchange rate) [time series]

$10.18 billion (2012 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP (purchasing power parity)) [time series]

$17.79 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 137 $18 billion (2011 est.) $17.52 billion (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - composition, by end use [time series]

household consumption: 66.3% government consumption: 12.6% investment in fixed capital: 27.8% investment in inventories: 0.6% exports of goods and services: 26.5% imports of goods and services: -33.8% (2012 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin [time series]

agriculture: 38.7% industry: 23.9% services: 37.4% (2012 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita (PPP)) [time series]

$1,100 (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 214 $1,100 (2011 est.) $1,100 (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

-1.2% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 200 2.7% (2011 est.) 5.8% (2010 est.)

Gross national saving [time series]

21.6% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 64 12.1% of GDP (2011 est.) 8.5% of GDP (2010 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: 3.5% highest 10%: 25.8% (2010 est.)

Imports [time series]

$2.794 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 147 $2.78 billion (2011 est.)

Imports - commodities [time series]

petroleum, machinery and equipment, construction materials, foodstuffs, textiles

Imports - partners [time series]

France 11.2%, Senegal 9.9%, Cote dIvoire 8.7%, China 8.6% (2012)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

NA%

Industries [time series]

food processing; construction; phosphate and gold mining

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

5.4% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 153 2.9% (2011 est.)

Labor force [time series]

3.241 million (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 102

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture: 80% industry and services: 20% (2005 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares [time series]

$NA

Population below poverty line [time series]

36.1% (2005 est.)

Public debt [time series]

27.5% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 120 27.7% of GDP (2011 est.)

Stock of broad money [time series]

$3.401 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 141 $2.929 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad [time series]

$848.2 million (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 80 $503 million (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home [time series]

$2.545 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 95 $2.34 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of domestic credit [time series]

$2.102 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 132 $1.669 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of narrow money [time series]

$2.583 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 120 $2.156 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Taxes and other revenues [time series]

17.9% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 178

Unemployment rate [time series]

30% (2004 est.) country comparison to the world: 181

Energy

Carbon dioxide emissions (Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy) [time series]

742,300 Mt (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 173

Crude oil - exports [time series]

0 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 154

Crude oil - imports [time series]

0 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 92

Crude oil - production [time series]

0 bbl/day (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 193

Crude oil - proved reserves [time series]

0 bbl (1 January 2013 es) country comparison to the world: 163

Electricity - consumption [time series]

483.6 million kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 170

Electricity - exports [time series]

0 kWh (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 101

Electricity - from fossil fuels [time series]

48.4% of total installed capacity (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 159

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants [time series]

51.6% of total installed capacity (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 41

Electricity - from nuclear fuels [time series]

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 137

Electricity - from other renewable sources [time series]

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 203

Electricity - imports [time series]

0 kWh (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 213

Electricity - installed generating capacity [time series]

304,000 kW (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 149

Electricity - production [time series]

520 million kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 163

Natural gas - consumption [time series]

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 171

Natural gas - exports [time series]

0 cu m (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 146

Natural gas - imports [time series]

0 cu m (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 96

Natural gas - production [time series]

0 cu m (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 166

Natural gas - proved reserves [time series]

0 cu m (1 January 2013 es) country comparison to the world: 170

Refined petroleum products - consumption [time series]

4,994 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 169

Refined petroleum products - exports [time series]

0 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 196

Refined petroleum products - imports [time series]

4,698 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 157

Refined petroleum products - production [time series]

0 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 205

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 1,240,192 sq km country comparison to the world: 24 land: 1,220,190 sq km water: 20,002 sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly less than twice the size of Texas

Climate [time series]

subtropical to arid; hot and dry (February to June); rainy, humid, and mild (June to November); cool and dry (November to February)

Coastline [time series]

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Senegal River 23 m highest point: Hombori Tondo 1,155 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; inadequate supplies of potable water; poaching

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Total water withdrawal (Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)) [time series]

total: 6.55 cu km/yr (9%/1%/90%) per capita: 545.4 cu m/yr (2000)

Geographic coordinates [time series]

17 00 N, 4 00 W

Geography - note [time series]

landlocked; divided into three natural zones: the southern, cultivated Sudanese; the central, semiarid Sahelian; and the northern, arid Saharan

Irrigated land [time series]

2,358 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 7,243 km border countries: Algeria 1,376 km, Burkina Faso 1,000 km, Guinea 858 km, Cote d'Ivoire 532 km, Mauritania 2,237 km, Niger 821 km, Senegal 419 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 5.53% permanent crops: 0.1% other: 94.37% (2011)

Location [time series]

interior Western Africa, southwest of Algeria, north of Guinea, Cote d'Ivoire, and Burkina Faso, west of Niger

Map references [time series]

Africa

Maritime claims [time series]

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards [time series]

hot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry seasons; recurring droughts; occasional Niger River flooding

Natural resources [time series]

gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium, gypsum, granite, hydropower note: bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known but not exploited

Terrain [time series]

mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand; savanna in south, rugged hills in northeast

Total renewable water resources [time series]

100 cu km (2011)

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

8 regions (regions, singular - region), 1 district*; District de Bamako*, Gao, Kayes, Kidal, Koulikoro, Mopti, Segou, Sikasso, Tombouctou (Timbuktu)

Capital [time series]

name: Bamako geographic coordinates: 12 39 N, 8 00 W time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution [time series]

several previous; latest drafted August 1991, approved by referendum 12 January 1992, effective 25 February 1992; amended 1999; note - suspended briefly in 2012 (2011)

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: Republic of Mali conventional short form: Mali local long form: Republique de Mali local short form: Mali former: French Sudan and Sudanese Republic

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Mary Beth LEONARD (since 7 November 2011) embassy: located just off the Roi Bin Fahad Aziz Bridge just west of the Bamako central district mailing address: ACI 2000, Rue 243, Porte 297, Bamako telephone: [223] 2070-2300 FAX: [223] 2070-2479

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Al Maamoun Baba Lamine KEITA (since 8 January 2013) chancery: 2130 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 332-2249, 939-8950 FAX: [1] (202) 332-6603

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA (since 4 September 2013) head of government: Prime Minister Oumar Tatum LY (since 5 September 2013) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website) elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); the election scheduled for 29 April 2012 and delayed following the March 2012 coup took place 28 July 2013 and a runoff election was held on 11 August 2013; prime minister appointed by the president election results: Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA elected president in a runoff election; percent of vote Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA 77.6%, Soumaila CISSE 22.4%

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the colors from left to right are the same as those of neighboring Senegal (which has an additional green central star) and the reverse of those on the flag of neighboring Guinea

Government type [time series]

republic

Independence [time series]

22 September 1960 (from France)

International law organization participation [time series]

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation [time series]

ACP, AfDB, AU, CD, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch [time series]

highest court(s): Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of 19 members organized into 3 civil chambers and a criminal chamber); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members) judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court members appointed by the Ministry of Justice to serve 5-year terms; Constitutional Court members selected - 3 each by the president, the National Assembly, and the Supreme Council of the Magistracy; members serve single renewable 7-year terms subordinate courts: High Court of Justice (jurisdiction limited to cases of high treason or criminal offenses by the president or ministers while in office)

Legal system [time series]

civil law system based on the French civil law model and influenced by customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Court

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (147 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held on 1 and 22 July 2007 (July 2012 election delayed following the military coup and now scheduled for 24 November 2013) election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - ADP coalition 113 (ADEMA 51, URD 34, MPR 8, CNID 7, UDD 3, and other 10), FDR coalition 15 (RPM 11, PARENA 4), SADI 4, independent 15

National anthem(s) (National anthem) [time series]

name: "Le Mali" (Mali) lyrics/music: Seydou Badian KOUYATE/Banzoumana SISSOKO note: adopted 1962; the anthem is also known as "Pour L'Afrique et pour toi, Mali" (For Africa and for You, Mali) and "A ton appel Mali" (At Your Call, Mali)

National holiday [time series]

Independence Day, 22 September (1960)

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

African Solidarity for Democracy and Independence or SADI [Oumar MARIKO, secretary general] Alliance for Democracy or ADEMA [Diounconda TRAORE] Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP (a coalition of political parties including ADEMA and URD formed in December 2006 to support the presidential candidacy of Amadou TOURE) Alliance for Democratic Change (political group comprised mainly of Tuareg from Mali's northern region) Convergence 2007 [Soumeylou Boubeye MAIGA] Convergence for the development of Mali or CODEM [Housseyni GUINDO] Front for Democracy and the Republic or FDR (a coalition of political parties including RPM and PARENA formed to oppose the presidential candidacy of Amadou TOURE) National Congress for Democratic Initiative or CNID [Mountaga TALL] Party for Democracy and Progress or PDP [Mady KONATE] Party for National Renewal or PARENA [Tiebile DRAME] Patriotic Movement for Renewal or MPR [Choguel MAIGA] Rally for Democracy and Labor or RDT [Amadou Ali NIANGADOU] Rally for Mali or RPM [Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA] Sudanese Union/African Democratic Rally or US/RDA [Mamadou Basir GOLOGO] Union for Democracy and Development or UDD [Moussa Balla COULIBALY] Union for Republic and Democracy or URD [Soumaila CISSE]

Political parties (Political pressure groups and leaders) [time series]

other: the army; Islamic authorities; state-run cotton company CMDT

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal

Introduction

Background [time series]

The Sudanese Republic and Senegal became independent of France in 1960 as the Mali Federation. When Senegal withdrew after only a few months, what formerly made up the Sudanese Republic was renamed Mali. Rule by dictatorship was brought to a close in 1991 by a military coup that ushered in a period of democratic rule. President Alpha KONARE won Mali's first two democratic presidential elections in 1992 and 1997. In keeping with Mali's two-term constitutional limit, he stepped down in 2002 and was succeeded by Amadou TOURE, who was elected to a second term in 2007 elections that were widely judged to be free and fair. Malian returnees from Libya in 2011 exacerbated tensions in northern Mali, and Tuareg ethnic militias started a rebellion in January 2012. Low- and mid-level soldiers, frustrated with the poor handling of the rebellion overthrew TOURE on 22 March. Intensive mediation efforts led by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) returned power to a civilian administration in April with the appointment of interim President Dioncounda TRAORE. The post-coup chaos led to rebels expelling the Malian military from the three northern regions of the country and allowed Islamic militants to set up strongholds. Hundreds of thousands of northern Malians fled the violence to southern Mali and neighboring countries, exacerbating regional food insecurity in host communities. A military intervention to retake the three northern regions began in January 2013 and within a month most of the north had been retaken. In a democratic presidential election conducted in July and August of 2013, Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA was elected president.

Military

Manpower available for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 2,848,412 females age 16-49: 2,981,106 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 1,825,779 females age 16-49: 1,968,563 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually [time series]

male: 158,031 female: 159,733 (2010 est.)

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Malian Armed Forces: Army (Armee de Terre), Republic of Mali Air Force (Force Aerienne de la Republique du Mali, FARM), National Guard (Garde National du Mali) (2013)

Military expenditures [time series]

1.3% of GDP (2012) country comparison to the world: 113

Military service age and obligation [time series]

18 years of age for selective compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation - 2 years (2012)

People and Society

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 47.7% (male 3,824,877/female 3,794,196) 15-24 years: 19% (male 1,439,032/female 1,587,072) 25-54 years: 26.6% (male 1,980,766/female 2,270,676) 55-64 years: 3.7% (male 297,365/female 295,495) 65 years and over: 3% (male 240,681/female 238,722) (2013 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

46.06 births/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 2

Child labor - children ages 5-14 [time series]

total number: 1,485,027 percentage: 36 % (2010 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight [time series]

27.9% (2006) country comparison to the world: 22

Contraceptive prevalence rate [time series]

8.2% (2006)

Death rate [time series]

13.55 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 16

Dependency ratios [time series]

total dependency ratio: 100.7 % youth dependency ratio: 95.1 % elderly dependency ratio: 5.6 % potential support ratio: 17.9 (2013)

Drinking water source [time series]

improved: urban: 87% of population rural: 51% of population total: 64% of population unimproved: urban: 13% of population rural: 49% of population total: 36% of population (2010 est.)

Education expenditure (Education expenditures) [time series]

4.8% of GDP (2011) country comparison to the world: 82

Ethnic groups [time series]

Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Soninke), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%, Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5%

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate [time series]

1% (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 46

HIV/AIDS - deaths [time series]

4,400 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 41

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS [time series]

76,000 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 47

Health expenditure (Health expenditures) [time series]

6.8% of GDP (2011) country comparison to the world: 88

Hospital bed density [time series]

0.1 beds/1,000 population (2010)

Infant mortality rate [time series]

total: 106.49 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 2 male: 113.23 deaths/1,000 live births female: 99.56 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

Languages [time series]

French (official), Bambara 46.3%, Peul/foulfoulbe 9.4%, Dogon 7.2%, Maraka/soninke 6.4%, Malinke 5.6%, Sonrhai/djerma 5.6%, Minianka 4.3%, Tamacheq 3.5%, Senoufo 2.6%, unspecified 0.6%, other 8.5%

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 54.55 years country comparison to the world: 204 male: 52.75 years female: 56.41 years (2013 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 33.4% male: 43.1% female: 24.6% (2011 est.)

Major infectious diseases [time series]

degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: malaria and dengue fever water contact disease: schistosomiasis respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis animal contact disease: rabies (2013)

Major urban areas - population [time series]

BAMAKO (capital) 1.628 million (2009)

Maternal mortality ratio (Maternal mortality rate) [time series]

540 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) country comparison to the world: 17

Median age [time series]

total: 16 years male: 15.4 years female: 16.6 years (2013 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth [time series]

18.6 (2006 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Malian(s) adjective: Malian

Net migration rate [time series]

-2.41 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 170

Obesity - adult prevalence rate [time series]

4.3% (2008) country comparison to the world: 166

Physician density (Physicians density) [time series]

0.08 physicians/1,000 population (2010)

Population [time series]

15,968,882 (July 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 67

Population growth rate [time series]

3.01% (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 10

Religions [time series]

Muslim 94.8%, Christian 2.4%, Animist 2%, none 0.5%, unspecified 0.3% (2009 Census)

Sanitation facility access [time series]

improved: urban: 35% of population rural: 14% of population total: 22% of population unimproved: urban: 65% of population rural: 86% of population total: 78% of population (2010 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) [time series]

total: 8 years male: 8 years female: 7 years (2011)

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 0.91 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 0.88 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 1.01 male(s)/female total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

6.25 children born/woman (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 2

Urbanization [time series]

urban population: 34.9% of total population (2011) rate of urbanization: 4.77% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

demarcation is underway with Burkina Faso

Refugees and internally displaced persons [time series]

refugees (country of origin): 12,904 (Mauritania) (2012) IDPs: 283,726 (Tuareg rebellion since 2012) (2013)

Trafficking in persons [time series]

current situation: Mali is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; women and girls are forced into domestic servitude, agricultural labor, and support roles in gold mines, as well as subjected to sex trafficking; Malian boys are found in conditions of forced labor in agricultural settings, gold mines, and the informal commercial sector, as well as forced begging both within Mali and neighboring countries; Malians and other Africans who travel through Mali to Mauritania, Algeria, or Libya in hopes of reaching Europe are particularly at risk of becoming victims of human trafficking; men and boys, primarily of Songhai ethnicity, are subjected to the longstanding practice of debt bondage in the salt mines of Taoudenni in northern Mali; some members of Mali's black Tamachek community are subjected to traditional slavery-related practices, and this involuntary servitude reportedly has extended to their children; reports indicate that non-governmental armed groups operating in northern Mali recruited children as combatants, cooks, porters, guards, spies, and sex slaves tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Mali does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; although the government enacted a comprehensive anti-trafficking law in 2012, it did not demonstrate evidence of overall increasing efforts to address human trafficking over the previous year; the government has failed to prosecute or convict any trafficking offenders, has not provided any direct services to victims, and has not made any tangible prevention efforts; the government continues to cite a lack of personnel and resources as reasons for its inability to adequately identify and rescue child victims of forced labor in the mining industry (2013)

Transportation

Airports [time series]

25 (2013) country comparison to the world: 129

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 8 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 17 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 9 under 914 m: 5 (2013)

Heliports [time series]

2 (2013)

Ports (Ports and terminals) [time series]

Koulikoro

Railways [time series]

total: 593 km country comparison to the world: 109 narrow gauge: 593 km 1.000-m gauge (2008)

Roadways [time series]

total: 22,474 km country comparison to the world: 102 paved: 5,522 km unpaved: 16,952 km (2009)

Waterways [time series]

1,800 km (downstream of Koulikoro; low water levels on the River Niger cause problems in dry years; in the months before the rainy season the river is not navigable by commercial vessels) (2011) country comparison to the world: 44