Mali

semi-presidential republic

name: Bamako geographic coordinates: 12 39 N, 8 00 W time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) etymology: the origin of the name is unclear, but it comes from the Bambara language and can refer either to a crocodile or to a person's name

chief of state: Transition President Assimi GOITA (since 7 June 2021) head of government: Transition Prime Minister Abdoulaye MAIGA (since 22 November 2024) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister election/appointment process: president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president most recent election date: 29 July 2018, with runoff on 12 August 2018 election results: 2018 : Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA reelected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA (RPM) 41.7%, Soumaila CISSE (URD) 17.8%, other 40.5%; percent of vote in second round - Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA 67.2%, Soumaila CISSE 32.8% note: in 2022, the transition government adopted a charter allowing transition authorities to rule for up to 5 years; in July 2025, the military-appointed National Transitional Council (CNT) unanimously adopted a revised transitional charter that granted transitional president General Assimi GOITA a five-year presidential mandate, renewable indefinitely, following the earlier dissolution of all political parties in May

legislature name: Transitional National Council (Conseil national de transition) legislative structure: unicameral chamber name: Transitional National Council (Conseil national de transition) number of seats: 147 (all appointed) electoral system: plurality/majority scope of elections: full renewal most recent election date: 12/5/2020 percentage of women in chamber: 30.1% expected date of next election: December 2030 note 1: the National Assembly was dissolved on 18 August 2020 after a military coup; the transitional government created a Transitional National Council (CNT) that acts as the transitional government's legislative body; a new constitution was ratified in July 2023 that expanded the military junta's powers, and no plans for legislative elections have been announced note 2: coup leaders appointed a president and vice president; the president then apportioned CNT seats to various groups and political parties

highest court(s): Supreme Court or Cour Supr me (consists of 19 judges organized into judicial, administrative, and accounting sections); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges) judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges appointed by the Ministry of Justice to serve 5-year terms; Constitutional Court judges selected - 3 each by the president, the National Assembly, and the Supreme Council of the Magistracy; members serve single renewable 7-year terms subordinate courts: Court of Appeal; High Court of Justice (jurisdiction limited to cases of high treason or criminal offenses by the president or ministers while in office); administrative courts (first instance and appeal); commercial courts; magistrate courts; labor courts; juvenile courts; special court of state security

history: several previous; latest drafted 13 October 2022 and submitted to Transition President Assimi GOITA; final draft completed 1 March 2023; approved by referendum 18 June 2023; validated by Constitutional Court 22 July 2023

ACP, AfDB, AU (suspended), CD, EITI (compliant country), FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSCA, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNDP, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOPS, UN Women, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, World Bank Group, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

4.3% of GDP (2024 est.) 4% of GDP (2023 est.) 3.5% of GDP (2022 est.) 3.4% of GDP (2021 est.) 3.4% of GDP (2020 est.)

Malian Armed Forces (Forces Arm es Maliennes or FAMa): Army (l Arm e de Terre), Air Force (l Arm e de l Air); National Guard (la Garde Nationale du Mali); National Gendarmerie of Mali (Gendarmerie Nationale du Mali) (2025) note 1: the Gendarmerie and the National Guard are under the authority of the Ministry of Defense and Veterans Affairs (Ministere De La Defense Et Des Anciens Combattants, MDAC), but operational control is shared with the Ministry of Internal Security and Civil Protection which also controls the National Police; the National Police has responsibility for law enforcement and maintenance of order in urban areas and supports the FAMa in internal military operations note 2: the Gendarmerie's primary mission is internal security and public order; its duties also include territorial defense, humanitarian operations, intelligence gathering, and protecting private property, mainly in rural areas; it also has a specialized border security unit note 3: the National Guard is a military force responsible for providing security to government facilities and institutions, prison service, public order, humanitarian operations, some border security, and intelligence gathering; its forces include a camel corps for patrolling the deserts and borders of northern Mali note 4: there are also pro-government militias operating in Mali, such as the Imghad Tuareg Self-Defense Group and Allies (GATIA); the leader of GATIA is also a general in the national army

18 years of age for men and women for selective compulsory and voluntary military service; 24-month compulsory service obligation (2025)

the FAMa is responsible for the defense of the country s sovereignty and territory, but also has some domestic security duties, including the maintenance of public order and support to law enforcement; it also participates in socio-economic development projects; the military has traditionally played a large role in Mali s politics; prior to the coup in August 2020 and military takeover in May 2021, it had intervened in the political arena at least five times since the country gained independence in 1960 (1968, 1976, 1978, 1991, 2012) the FAMa and other security forces are actively engaged in combat operations against several insurgent/terrorist groups affiliated with al-Qa'ida and the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS), as well as other armed rebel organizations, communal militias, and criminal bands spread across the central, northern, and southern regions of the country; a large portion of the country--up to 50% by some estimates--is outside of government control the FAMa and the remainder of the security forces collapsed in 2012 during the fighting against Tuareg rebels and Islamic militants and were rebuilt beginning in 2013 with external assistance from the EU and the UN; the UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) and the EU Training Mission in Mali (EUTM) ended their missions in 2023 and 2024, respectively; France intervened militarily in Mali in 2013 to assist with regaining the northern half of the country from rebel and Islamic militant groups; French troops withdrew in 2022; since 2021, Mali has increased security ties with Russia, which has provided equipment, training, and other forms of military support (2025)

$71.253 billion (2024 est.) $67.857 billion (2023 est.) $64.8 billion (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

$2,900 (2024 est.) $2,900 (2023 est.) $2,800 (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

5% (2024 est.) 4.7% (2023 est.) 3.5% (2022 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

3.2% (2024 est.) 2.1% (2023 est.) 9.6% (2022 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices

36% of GDP (2016 est.)

$6.13 billion (2023 est.) $5.855 billion (2022 est.) $5.381 billion (2021 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

$8.066 billion (2023 est.) $7.942 billion (2022 est.) $7.596 billion (2021 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

3.1% (2024 est.) 3% (2023 est.) 2.4% (2022 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment

revenues: $2.841 billion (2020 est.) expenditures: $3.563 billion (2020 est.) note: central government revenues and expenses (excluding grants/extrabudgetary units/social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

food processing; construction; phosphate and gold mining

maize, rice, millet, sorghum, onions, okra, sugarcane, cotton, mangoes/guavas, sweet potatoes (2023) note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

total: 22,634,423 (2025 est.) male: 10,999,331 female: 11,635,092

2.88% (2025 est.)

0-14 years: 46.8% (male 5,175,714/female 5,114,128) 15-64 years: 50.1% (male 5,178,742/female 5,842,456) 65 years and over: 3.1% (2024 est.) (male 334,299/female 345,268)

39.44 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

7.87 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

-2.82 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

total population: 63.2 years (2024 est.) male: 60.9 years female: 65.6 years

urban population: 46.2% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 4.57% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Bambara 33.3%, Fulani (Peuhl) 13.3%, Sarakole/Soninke/Marka 9.8%, Senufo/Manianka 9.6%, Malinke 8.8%, Dogon 8.7%, Sonrai 5.9%, Bobo 2.1%, Tuareg/Bella 1.7%, other Malian 6%, from members of Economic Community of West Africa 0.4%, other 0.3% (2018 est.)

Bambara (official), French 17.2%, Peuhl/Foulfoulbe/Fulani 9.4%, Dogon 7.2%, Maraka/Soninke 6.4%, Malinke 5.6%, Sonrhai/Djerma 5.6%, Minianka 4.3%, Tamacheq 3.5%, Senoufo 2.6%, Bobo 2.1%, other 6.3%, unspecified 0.7% (2009 est.) note: Mali has 13 national languages in addition to its official language

Muslim 93.9%, Christian 2.8%, animist 0.7%, none 2.5% (2018 est.)

total population: 35.5% (2018 est.) male: 46.2% (2018 est.) female: 25.7% (2018 est.)

gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium, gypsum, granite, hydropower note: bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known but not exploited

Ansar al-Dine; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in the Greater Sahara (ISIS-GS); Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM); al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun) note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

refugees: 135,827 (2024 est.) IDPs: 378,363 (2024 est.)

30 (2025)

total: 593 km (2014) narrow gauge: 593 km (2014) 1.000-m gauge

total subscriptions: 25.9 million (2022 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 112 (2022 est.)

percent of population: 35% (2023 est.)