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Communications

Broadcast media [time series]

strong public-sector television presence with state-owned Danmarks Radio (DR) operating 4 channels and publicly-owned TV2 operating roughly a half dozen channels; broadcasts of privately-owned stations are available via satellite and cable feed; DR operates 4 nationwide FM radio stations, 15 digital audio broadcasting stations, and about 15 web-based radio stations; approximately 250 commercial and community radio stations are operational (2007)

Internet country code [time series]

.dk

Internet users (Internet hosts) [time series]

4.145 million (2010) country comparison to the world: 22

Internet users [time series]

4.75 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 48

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

general assessment: excellent telephone and telegraph services domestic: buried and submarine cables and microwave radio relay form trunk network, multiple cellular mobile communications systems international: country code - 45; a series of fiber-optic submarine cables link Denmark with Canada, Faroe Islands, Germany, Iceland, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and UK; satellite earth stations - 18 (6 Intelsat, 10 Eutelsat, 1 Orion, 1 Inmarsat (Blaavand-Atlantic-East)); note - the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) share the Danish earth station and the Eik, Norway, station for worldwide Inmarsat access (2008)

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones - main lines in use) [time series]

2.062 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 55

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

7.406 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 79

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

barley, wheat, potatoes, sugar beets; pork, dairy products; fish

Central bank discount rate [time series]

1% (31 December 2009) country comparison to the world: 110 3.5% (31 December 2008)

Commercial bank prime lending rate [time series]

NA% (31 December 2009 est.) NA% (31 December 2008 est.)

Current account balance [time series]

$14.35 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 21 $12.43 billion (2009 est.)

Debt - external [time series]

$559.5 billion (30 June 2010) country comparison to the world: 18 $588.8 billion (31 December 2008)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income (Distribution of family income - Gini index) [time series]

29 (2007) country comparison to the world: 118 24.7 (1992)

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

This thoroughly modern market economy features a high-tech agricultural sector, state-of-the-art industry with world-leading firms in pharmaceuticals, maritime shipping and renewable energy, and a high dependence on foreign trade. The Danish economy is also characterized by extensive government welfare measures, an equitable distribution of income, and comfortable living standards. Denmark is a net exporter of food and energy and enjoys a comfortable balance of payments surplus. After a long consumption-driven upswing, Denmark's economy began slowing in 2007 with the end of a housing boom. Housing prices dropped markedly in 2008-09. The global financial crisis has exacerbated this cyclical slowdown through increased borrowing costs and lower export demand, consumer confidence, and investment. The global financial crises cut Danish GDP by 0.9% in 2008 and 4.7% in 2009. Historically low levels of unemployment rose sharply with the recession but remain below 5%, about half the level of the EU. Denmark made a modest recovery in 2010 in part because of increased government spending. An impending decline in the ratio of workers to retirees will be a major long-term issue. Denmark maintained a healthy budget surplus for many years up to 2008, but the budget balance swung into deficit during 2009-10. Nonetheless, Denmark's fiscal position remains among the strongest in the EU. Despite previously meeting the criteria to join the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), so far Denmark has decided not to join, although the Danish krone remains pegged to the euro.

Electricity - consumption [time series]

34.3 billion kWh (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 56

Electricity - exports [time series]

11.36 billion kWh (2008)

Electricity - imports [time series]

12.82 billion kWh (2008)

Electricity - production [time series]

36.4 billion kWh (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 59

Exchange rates [time series]

Danish kroner (DKK) per US dollar - 5.774 (2010), 5.3609 (2009), 5.0236 (2008), 5.4797 (2007), 5.9468 (2006)

Exports [time series]

$99.37 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 35 $91.51 billion (2009 est.)

Exports - commodities [time series]

machinery and instruments, meat and meat products, dairy products, fish, pharmaceuticals, furniture, windmills

Exports - partners [time series]

Germany 17.53%, Sweden 12.68%, UK 8.49%, US 6.05%, Norway 6.01%, Netherlands 4.84%, France 4.57% (2009)

GDP (official exchange rate) [time series]

$304.6 billion (2010 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP (purchasing power parity)) [time series]

$204.1 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 52 $200.5 billion (2009 est.) $210.4 billion (2008 est.) note: data are in 2010 US dollars

GDP - composition, by sector of origin (GDP - composition by sector) [time series]

agriculture: 1.1% industry: 22.8% services: 76.1% (2010 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita (PPP)) [time series]

$37,000 (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 30 $36,400 (2009 est.) $38,400 (2008 est.) note: data are in 2010 US dollars

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

1.8% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 155 -4.7% (2009 est.) -0.9% (2008 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: 1.9% highest 10%: 28.7% (2007)

Imports [time series]

$90.83 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 33 $84.46 billion (2009 est.)

Imports - commodities [time series]

machinery and equipment, raw materials and semimanufactures for industry, chemicals, grain and foodstuffs, consumer goods

Imports - partners [time series]

Germany 21.07%, Sweden 13.18%, Norway 7%, Netherlands 6.97%, China 6.22%, UK 5.53% (2009)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

4% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 83

Industries [time series]

iron, steel, nonferrous metals, chemicals, food processing, machinery and transportation equipment, textiles and clothing, electronics, construction, furniture and other wood products, shipbuilding and refurbishment, windmills, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

2.2% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 66 1.3% (2009 est.)

Investment (gross fixed) [time series]

17.5% of GDP (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 114

Labor force [time series]

2.82 million (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 105

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture: 2.5% industry: 20.2% services: 77.3% (2005 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares [time series]

$186.9 billion (31 December 2009) country comparison to the world: 30 $131.5 billion (31 December 2008) $277.7 billion (31 December 2007)

Natural gas - consumption [time series]

4.41 billion cu m (2009) country comparison to the world: 61

Natural gas - exports [time series]

3.98 billion cu m (2009) country comparison to the world: 29

Natural gas - imports [time series]

0 cu m (2008) country comparison to the world: 91

Natural gas - production [time series]

8.398 billion cu m (2009) country comparison to the world: 43

Natural gas - proved reserves [time series]

61.3 billion cu m (1 January 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 62

Oil - consumption [time series]

166,500 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 61

Oil - exports [time series]

268,500 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 45

Oil - imports [time series]

173,100 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 50

Oil - production [time series]

262,100 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 40

Oil - proved reserves [time series]

1.06 billion bbl (1 January 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 41

Population below poverty line [time series]

12.1% (2007)

Public debt [time series]

46.6% of GDP (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 56 41.5% of GDP (2009 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold [time series]

$NA (31 December 2010 est.) $76.65 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of broad money [time series]

$209 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 39 $226.8 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad [time series]

$199.8 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 19 $186.6 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home [time series]

$149.6 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 25 $144.6 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of domestic credit [time series]

$636.5 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 22 $671.7 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of narrow money [time series]

$148.1 billion (31 December 2010 est) country comparison to the world: 23 $153.1 billion (31 December 2009 est)

Unemployment rate [time series]

4.2% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 38 4.3% (2009 est.)

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 43,094 sq km country comparison to the world: 133 land: 42,434 sq km water: 660 sq km note: includes the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea and the rest of metropolitan Denmark (the Jutland Peninsula, and the major islands of Sjaelland and Fyn), but excludes the Faroe Islands and Greenland

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly less than twice the size of Massachusetts

Climate [time series]

temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers

Coastline [time series]

7,314 km

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Lammefjord -7 m highest point: Mollehoj/Ejer Bavnehoj 171 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

air pollution, principally from vehicle and power plant emissions; nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of the North Sea; drinking and surface water becoming polluted from animal wastes and pesticides

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Total water withdrawal (Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)) [time series]

total: 0.67 cu km/yr (32%/26%/42%) per capita: 123 cu m/yr (2002)

Geographic coordinates [time series]

56 00 N, 10 00 E

Geography - note [time series]

controls Danish Straits (Skagerrak and Kattegat) linking Baltic and North Seas; about one-quarter of the population lives in greater Copenhagen

Irrigated land [time series]

4,490 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 68 km border countries: Germany 68 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 52.59% permanent crops: 0.19% other: 47.22% (2005)

Location [time series]

Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, on a peninsula north of Germany (Jutland); also includes two major islands (Sjaelland and Fyn)

Map references [time series]

Europe

Maritime claims [time series]

territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Natural hazards [time series]

flooding is a threat in some areas of the country (e.g., parts of Jutland, along the southern coast of the island of Lolland) that are protected from the sea by a system of dikes

Natural resources [time series]

petroleum, natural gas, fish, salt, limestone, chalk, stone, gravel and sand

Terrain [time series]

low and flat to gently rolling plains

Total renewable water resources [time series]

6.1 cu km (2003)

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

metropolitan Denmark - 5 regions (regioner, singular - region); Hovedstaden, Midtjylland, Nordjylland, Sjaelland, Syddanmark note: an extensive local government reform merged 271 municipalities into 98 and 13 counties into five regions, effective 1 January 2007

Capital [time series]

name: Copenhagen geographic coordinates: 55 40 N, 12 35 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October note: applies to continental Denmark only, not to its North Atlantic components

Constitution [time series]

5 June 1953; note - constitution allowed for a unicameral legislature and a female chief of state

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: Kingdom of Denmark conventional short form: Denmark local long form: Kongeriget Danmark local short form: Danmark

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Laurie S. FULTON embassy: Dag Hammarskjolds Alle 24, 2100 Copenhagen mailing address: PSC 73, APO AE 09716 telephone: [45] 33 41 71 00 FAX: [45] 35 43 02 23

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Peter TAKSOE-JENSEN chancery: 3200 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 234-4300 FAX: [1] (202) 328-1470 consulate(s) general: Chicago, New York

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972); Heir Apparent Crown Prince FREDERIK, elder son of the monarch (born on 26 May 1968) head of government: Prime Minister Lars Loekke RASMUSSEN (since 5 April 2009) cabinet: Council of State appointed by the monarch (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website) elections: the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the monarch

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side; the banner is referred to as the Dannebrog (Danish flag) and is one of the oldest national flags in the world; traditions as to the origin of the flag design vary, but the best known is a legend that the banner fell from the sky during an early-13th century battle; caught up by the Danish king before it ever touched the earth, this heavenly talisman inspired the royal army to victory; in actuality, the flag may derive from a crusade banner or ensign note: the shifted design element was subsequently adopted by the other Nordic countries of Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden

Government type [time series]

constitutional monarchy

Independence [time series]

ca. 965 (unified and Christianized under HARALD I Gormson); 5 June 1849 (becomes a constitutional monarchy)

International organization participation [time series]

ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Court (judges are appointed for life by the monarch)

Legal system [time series]

civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral People's Assembly or Folketing (179 seats, including 2 from Greenland and 2 from the Faroe Islands; members elected by popular vote on the basis of proportional representation to serve four-year terms unless the Folketing is dissolved earlier) elections: last held on 13 November 2007 (next to be held in 2011) election results: percent of vote by party - Liberal Party 26.2%, Social Democrats 25.5%, Danish People's Party 13.9%, Socialist People's Party 13.0%, Conservative People's Party 10.4%, Social Liberal Party 5.1%, New Alliance 2.8%, Red-Green Unity List 2.2%, other 0.9%; seats by party - Liberal Party 46, Social Democrats 45, Danish People's Party 25, Socialist People's Party 23, Conservative People's Party 18, Social Liberal Party 9, New Alliance 5, Red-Green Alliance 4; note - does not include the two seats from Greenland and the two seats from the Faroe Islands

National anthem(s) (National anthem) [time series]

name: "Der er et yndigt land" (There is a Lovely Land); "Kong Christian" (King Christian) lyrics/music: Adam Gottlob OEHLENSCHLAGER/Hans Ernst KROYER; Johannes EWALD/unknown note: Denmark has two national anthems with equal status; "Der er et yndigt land," adopted 1844, is a national anthem, while "Kong Christian," adopted 1780, serves as both a national and royal anthem; "Kong Christian" is also known as "Kong Christian stod ved hojen mast" (King Christian Stood by the Lofty Mast) and "Kongesangen" (The King's Anthem); within Denmark, the royal anthem is played only when royalty is present and is usually followed by the national anthem; when royalty is not present, only the national anthem is performed; outside Denmark, the royal anthem is played, unless the national anthem is requested

National holiday [time series]

none designated; Constitution Day, 5 June (1849) is generally viewed as the National Day

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Christian Democrats [Bjarne Hartung KIRKEGAARD] (was Christian People's Party); Conservative Party [Lars BARFOED] (sometimes known as Conservative People's Party); Danish People's Party [Pia KJAERSGAARD]; Liberal Alliance [Anders SAMUELSEN] (formerly known as New Alliance); Liberal Party [Lars Loekke RASMUSSEN]; Red-Green Unity List (Alliance) [collective leadership] (bloc includes Left Socialist Party, Communist Party of Denmark, Socialist Workers' Party); Social Democratic Party [Helle THORNING-SCHMIDT]; Social Liberal Party [Margrethe VESTAGER]; Socialist People's Party [Villy SOEVNDAL]

Political parties (Political pressure groups and leaders) [time series]

Confederation of Danish Employers or DA [President Jorn Neergaard LARSEN]; Principal DA member organizations: Confederation of Danish Industries [CEO Karsten DYBVAD]; Confederation of Danish Labor Unions [President Harald BORSTING]; Danish Bankers Association [CEO Joergen HORWITZ]; DaneAge Association [President Bjarne HASTRUP]; Danish Society for Nature Conservation [President Ella Maria BISSCHOP-LARSEN] other: humanitarian relief; development assistance; human rights NGOs

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal

Introduction

Background [time series]

Once the seat of Viking raiders and later a major north European power, Denmark has evolved into a modern, prosperous nation that is participating in the general political and economic integration of Europe. It joined NATO in 1949 and the EEC (now the EU) in 1973. However, the country has opted out of certain elements of the European Union's Maastricht Treaty, including the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), European defense cooperation, and issues concerning certain justice and home affairs.

Military

Manpower available for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 1,235,947 females age 16-49: 1,221,386 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 1,013,814 females age 16-49: 1,001,411 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually [time series]

male: 37,831 female: 35,930 (2010 est.)

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Defense Command: Army Operational Command, Admiral Danish Fleet, Arctic Command, Tactical Air Command, Home Guard (2010)

Military expenditures [time series]

1.3% of GDP (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 114

Military service age and obligation [time series]

18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscripts serve an initial training period that varies from 4 to 12 months according to specialization; reservists are assigned to mobilization units following completion of their conscript service; women eligible to volunteer for military service (2004)

People

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 18.1% (male 511,882/female 485,782) 15-64 years: 65.8% (male 1,817,800/female 1,798,964) 65 years and over: 16.1% (male 387,142/female 498,940) (2010 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

10.4 births/1,000 population (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 186

Death rate [time series]

10.19 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 53

Education expenditure (Education expenditures) [time series]

7.9% of GDP (2006) country comparison to the world: 12

Ethnic groups [time series]

Scandinavian, Inuit, Faroese, German, Turkish, Iranian, Somali

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate [time series]

0.2% (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 106

HIV/AIDS - deaths [time series]

fewer than 100 (2003 est.) country comparison to the world: 130

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS [time series]

4,800 (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 124

Infant mortality rate [time series]

total: 4.29 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 198 male: 4.34 deaths/1,000 live births female: 4.23 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)

Languages [time series]

Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Inuit dialect), German (small minority) note: English is the predominant second language

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 78.47 years country comparison to the world: 47 male: 76.11 years female: 80.97 years (2010 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99% male: 99% female: 99% (2003 est.)

Median age [time series]

total: 40.7 years male: 39.8 years female: 41.6 years (2010 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Dane(s) adjective: Danish

Net migration rate [time series]

2.47 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 33

Population [time series]

5,515,575 (July 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 109

Population growth rate [time series]

0.267% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 175

Religions [time series]

Evangelical Lutheran 95%, other Christian (includes Protestant and Roman Catholic) 3%, Muslim 2%

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) [time series]

total: 17 years male: 16 years female: 18 years (2007)

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.055 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2010 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

1.74 children born/woman (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 164

Urbanization [time series]

urban population: 87% of total population (2008) rate of urbanization: 0.5% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm; Faroese continue to study proposals for full independence; sovereignty dispute with Canada over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenland

Transportation

Airports [time series]

92 (2010) country comparison to the world: 65

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 28 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 12 under 914 m: 3 (2010)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 64 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 61 (2010)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 347 country comparison to the world: 28 by type: bulk carrier 4, cargo 56, carrier 1, chemical tanker 104, container 87, liquefied gas 4, passenger/cargo 40, petroleum tanker 38, refrigerated cargo 4, roll on/roll off 6, specialized tanker 3 foreign-owned: 32 (Germany 10, Greece 1, Iceland 3, Norway 2, Sweden 16) registered in other countries: 592 (Antigua and Barbuda 20, Bahamas 59, Belgium 4, Brazil 3, Cyprus 6, Egypt 1, France 12, Georgia 1, Gibraltar 6, Hong Kong 41, Isle of Man 26, Italy 4, Jamaica 1, Liberia 4, Lithuania 8, Malaysia 1, Malta 41, Marshall Islands 7, Mexico 2, Netherlands 36, former Netherlands Antilles 1, Norway 11, Panama 46, Portugal 4, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 19, Singapore 125, South Africa 1, Spain 2, Sweden 15, UK 46, Uruguay 1, US 34, Venezuela 1, unknown 3) (2010)

Pipelines [time series]

gas 2,858 km; oil 107 km (2009)

Ports (Ports and terminals) [time series]

Aalborg, Aarhus, Copenhagen, Ensted, Esbjerg, Fredericia, Kalundborg

Railways [time series]

total: 2,667 km country comparison to the world: 64 standard gauge: 2,667 km 1.435-m gauge (640 km electrified) (2008)

Roadways [time series]

total: 73,197 km country comparison to the world: 64 paved: 73,197 km (includes 1,111 km of expressways) (2008)

Waterways [time series]

400 km (2008) country comparison to the world: 89