Albania

2 public television networks, one of which transmits by satellite to Albanian-language communities in neighboring countries; more than 60 private television stations operating; many viewers can pick up Italian and Greek TV broadcasts via terrestrial reception; cable TV service is available; 2 public radio networks and roughly 50 private radio stations; several international broadcasters are available (2008)

.al

15,098 (2010) country comparison to the world: 117

1.3 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 90

general assessment: despite new investment in fixed lines teledensity remains low with roughly 10 fixed lines per 100 people; mobile-cellular telephone use is widespread and generally effective; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity is now exceeds 100 per 100 persons domestic: offsetting the shortage of fixed line capacity, mobile-cellular phone service has been available since 1996; by 2003, two companies were providing mobile services at a greater teledensity than some of Albania's neighbors; Internet broadband services initiated in 2005; Internet cafes are popular in Tirana and have started to spread outside the capital international: country code - 355; submarine cable provides connectivity to Italy, Croatia, and Greece; the Trans-Balkan Line, a combination submarine cable and land fiber-optic system, provides additional connectivity to Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Turkey; international traffic carried by fiber-optic cable and, when necessary, by microwave radio relay from the Tirana exchange to Italy and Greece (2009)

363,000 (2009) country comparison to the world: 107

4.162 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 102

wheat, corn, potatoes, vegetables, fruits, sugar beets, grapes; meat, dairy products

5.25% (31 December 2009) country comparison to the world: 71 6.25% (31 December 2008)

12.66% (31 December 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 63 13.02% (31 December 2008 est.)

-$1.245 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 143 -$1.845 billion (2009 est.)

$1.55 billion (2004) country comparison to the world: 143

26.7 (2005) country comparison to the world: 126

Albania, a formerly closed, centrally-planned state, is making the difficult transition to a more modern open-market economy. Macroeconomic growth averaged around 6% between 2004-08, but declined to about 3% in 2009-10. Inflation is low and stable. The government has taken measures to curb violent crime, and recently adopted a fiscal reform package aimed at reducing the large gray economy and attracting foreign investment. The economy is bolstered by annual remittances from abroad representing about 15% of GDP, mostly from Albanians residing in Greece and Italy; this helps offset the towering trade deficit. The agricultural sector, which accounts for over half of employment but only about one-fifth of GDP, is limited primarily to small family operations and subsistence farming because of lack of modern equipment, unclear property rights, and the prevalence of small, inefficient plots of land. Energy shortages because of a reliance on hydropower, and antiquated and inadequate infrastructure contribute to Albania's poor business environment and lack of success in attracting new foreign investment needed to expand the country's export base. The completion of a new thermal power plant near Vlore has helped diversify generation capacity, and plans to upgrade transmission lines between Albania and Montenegro and Kosovo would help relieve the energy shortages. Also, with help from EU funds, the government is taking steps to improve the poor national road and rail network, a long-standing barrier to sustained economic growth.

3.603 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 118

0 kWh (2008 est.)

2.475 billion kWh (2008 est.)

2.888 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 124

leke (ALL) per US dollar - 106.5 (2010), 94.979 (2009), 79.546 (2008), 92.668 (2007), 98.384 (2006)

$1.339 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 144 $1.048 billion (2009 est.)

textiles and footwear; asphalt, metals and metallic ores, crude oil; vegetables, fruits, tobacco

Italy 58.75%, Greece 9.69%, Austria 6.73%, China 5.68% (2009)

$11.58 billion (2010 est.)

$23.95 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 115 $23.23 billion (2009 est.) $22.49 billion (2008 est.) note: data are in 2010 US dollars Albania has an informal, and unreported, sector that may be as large as 50% of official GDP

agriculture: 21.2% industry: 19.5% services: 59.3% (2010 est.)

$8,000 (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 123 $7,800 (2009 est.) $7,500 (2008 est.) note: data are in 2010 US dollars

3.1% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 114 3.3% (2009 est.) 7.8% (2008 est.)

lowest 10%: 3.2% highest 10%: 25.9% (2005)

$4.337 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 126 $4.264 billion (2009 est.)

machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, textiles, chemicals

Italy 29.94%, Greece 14.05%, Turkey 7.1%, Germany 6.9%, China 5.39% (2009)

3% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 103

food processing, textiles and clothing; lumber, oil, cement, chemicals, mining, basic metals, hydropower

3.4% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 99 2.2% (2009 est.)

29.8% of GDP (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 19

1.1 million (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 140

agriculture: 58% industry: 15% services: 27% (September 2006 est.)

$NA

30 million cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 109

0 cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 205

0 cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 71

30 million cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 86

849.5 million cu m (1 January 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 100

36,000 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 108

749 bbl/day (2005 est.) country comparison to the world: 122

24,080 bbl/day (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 106

5,400 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 92

199.1 million bbl (1 January 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 58

25% (2004 est.)

59.3% of GDP (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 34 58.1% of GDP (2009 est.)

$1.992 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 98 $2.37 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

$9.096 billion (31 December 2009) country comparison to the world: 105 $9.279 billion (31 December 2008)

$7.701 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 104 $8.231 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

$2.708 billion (31 December 2010 est) country comparison to the world: 113 $2.995 billion (31 December 2009 est)

12.7% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 134 12.8% (2009 est.) note: these are official rates, but actual rates may exceed 30% due to preponderance of near-subsistence farming

total: 28,748 sq km country comparison to the world: 144 land: 27,398 sq km water: 1,350 sq km

slightly smaller than Maryland

mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior is cooler and wetter

362 km

lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m highest point: Maja e Korabit (Golem Korab) 2,764 m

deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution from industrial and domestic effluents

party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

total: 1.71 cu km/yr (27%/11%/62%) per capita: 546 cu m/yr (2000)

41 00 N, 20 00 E

strategic location along Strait of Otranto (links Adriatic Sea to Ionian Sea and Mediterranean Sea)

3,530 sq km (2003)

total: 717 km border countries: Greece 282 km, Macedonia 151 km, Montenegro 172 km, Kosovo 112 km

arable land: 20.1% permanent crops: 4.21% other: 75.69% (2005)

Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Ionian Sea, between Greece in the south and Montenegro and Kosovo to the north

Europe

territorial sea: 12 nm continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation

destructive earthquakes; tsunamis occur along southwestern coast; floods; drought

petroleum, natural gas, coal, bauxite, chromite, copper, iron ore, nickel, salt, timber, hydropower

mostly mountains and hills; small plains along coast

41.7 cu km (2001)

12 counties (qarqe, singular - qark); Berat, Diber, Durres, Elbasan, Fier, Gjirokaster, Korce, Kukes, Lezhe, Shkoder, Tirane, Vlore

name: Tirana (Tirane) geographic coordinates: 41 19 N, 19 49 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

approved by parliament on 21 October 1998; adopted by popular referendum on 22 November 1998; promulgated 28 November 1998

conventional long form: Republic of Albania conventional short form: Albania local long form: Republika e Shqiperise local short form: Shqiperia former: People's Socialist Republic of Albania

chief of mission: Ambassador Alexander ARVIZU embassy: Rruga e Elbasanit, Labinoti #103, Tirana mailing address: US Department of State, 9510 Tirana Place, Dulles, VA 20189-9510 telephone: [355] (4) 2247285 FAX: [355] (4) 2232222

chief of mission: Ambassador Gilbert GALANXHI chancery: 2100 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 223-4942 FAX: [1] (202) 628-7342 consulate(s) general: New York

chief of state: President of the Republic Bamir TOPI (since 24 July 2007) head of government: Prime Minister Sali BERISHA (since 10 September 2005) cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister, nominated by the president, and approved by parliament (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website) elections: president elected by the Assembly for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); four election rounds held between 8 and 20 July 2007 (next election to be held in 2012); prime minister appointed by the president election results: Bamir TOPI elected president; Assembly vote, fourth round (three-fifths majority, 84 votes, required): Bamir TOPI 85 votes, Neritan CEKA 5 votes

red with a black two-headed eagle in the center; the design is claimed to be that of 15th-century hero George Castriota SKANDERBERG, who led a successful uprising against the Turks that resulted in a short-lived independence for some Albanian regions (1443-1478); an unsubstantiated explanation for the eagle symbol is the tradition that Albanians see themselves as descendants of the eagle; they refer to themselves as "Shkypetars," which translates as "sons of the eagle"

republic

28 November 1912 (from the Ottoman Empire)

BSEC, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NATO, OIC, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, SECI, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Constitutional Court, Supreme Court (chairman is elected by the People's Assembly for a four-year term) and multiple appeals and district courts

has a civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; has accepted jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court for its citizens

unicameral National Assembly or Kuvendi (140 deputies; 100 deputies elected directly in single member electoral zones with an approximate number of voters; 40 deputies elected from multi-name lists of parties or party coalitions according to their respective order) elections: last held on 28 June 2009 (next to be held in 2013) election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PD 68, PS 65, LSI 4, other 3

name: "Hymni i Flamurit" (Hymn to the Flag) lyrics/music: Aleksander Stavre DRENOVA/Ciprian PORUMBESCU note: adopted 1912

Independence Day, 28 November (1912)

Democratic Party or PD [Sali BERISHA]; Party for Justice and Integration or PDI [Tahir MUCHEDINI]; Republican Party or PR [Fatmir MEDIU]; Socialist Movement for Integration or LSI [Ilir META]; Socialist Party or PS [Edi RAMA]; Unity for Humen Rights Party or PBDNJ [Vangjel DULE]

Citizens Advocacy Office [Kreshnik SPAHIU]; Confederation of Trade Unions of Albania or KSSH [Kastriot MUCO]; Front for Albanian National Unification or FBKSH [Gafur ADILI]; Mjaft Movement [Elton KACIDHJA]; Omonia [Ligorag KARAMELO]; Union of Independent Trade Unions of Albania or BSPSH [Gezim KALAJA]

18 years of age; universal

Albania declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1912, but was conquered by Italy in 1939. Communist partisans took over the country in 1944. Albania allied itself first with the USSR (until 1960), and then with China (to 1978). In the early 1990s, Albania ended 46 years of xenophobic Communist rule and established a multiparty democracy. The transition has proven challenging as successive governments have tried to deal with high unemployment, widespread corruption, a dilapidated physical infrastructure, powerful organized crime networks, and combative political opponents. Albania has made progress in its democratic development since first holding multiparty elections in 1991, but deficiencies remain. International observers judged elections to be largely free and fair since the restoration of political stability following the collapse of pyramid schemes in 1997; however, there have been claims of electoral fraud in every one of Albania's post-communist elections. In the 2005 general elections, the Democratic Party and its allies won a decisive victory on pledges to reduce crime and corruption, promote economic growth, and decrease the size of government. The election, and particularly the orderly transition of power, was considered an important step forward. Albania joined NATO in April 2009 and is a potential candidate for EU accession. Although Albania's economy continues to grow, the country is still one of the poorest in Europe, hampered by a large informal economy and an inadequate energy and transportation infrastructure.

males age 16-49: 947,446 females age 16-49: 910,145 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49: 802,097 females age 16-49: 768,953 (2010 est.)

male: 35,249 female: 31,855 (2010 est.)

Joint Force Command (includes Land, Naval, and Aviation Brigade Commands), Joint Support Command (includes Logistic Command), Training and Doctrine Command (2010)

1.49% of GDP (2005 est.) country comparison to the world: 103

19 years of age (2004)

0-14 years: 23.1% (male 440,528/female 400,816) 15-64 years: 67.1% (male 1,251,001/female 1,190,841) 65 years and over: 9.8% (male 165,557/female 190,710) (2010 est.)

11.88 births/1,000 population (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 166

6.04 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 165

2.9% of GDP (2002) country comparison to the world: 148

Albanian 95%, Greek 3%, other 2% (Vlach, Roma (Gypsy), Serb, Macedonian, Bulgarian) (1989 est.) note: in 1989, other estimates of the Greek population ranged from 1% (official Albanian statistics) to 12% (from a Greek organization)

NA

NA

NA

total: 15.11 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 123 male: 16.79 deaths/1,000 live births female: 13.23 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)

Albanian (official - derived from Tosk dialect), Greek, Vlach, Romani, Slavic dialects

total population: 77.22 years country comparison to the world: 59 male: 74.65 years female: 80.11 years (2010 est.)

definition: age 9 and over can read and write total population: 98.7% male: 99.2% female: 98.3% (2001 census)

total: 30 years male: 28.9 years female: 31.1 years (2010 est.)

noun: Albanian(s) adjective: Albanian

-3.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 189

2,986,952 (July 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 135

0.249% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 178

Muslim 70%, Albanian Orthodox 20%, Roman Catholic 10% note: percentages are estimates; there are no available current statistics on religious affiliation; all mosques and churches were closed in 1967 and religious observances prohibited; in November 1990, Albania began allowing private religious practice

total: 11 years male: 11 years female: 11 years (2004)

at birth: 1.123 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.1 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2010 est.)

1.47 children born/woman (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 189

urban population: 47% of total population (2008) rate of urbanization: 1.9% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)

the Albanian Government calls for the protection of the rights of ethnic Albanians in neighboring countries, and the peaceful resolution of interethnic disputes; some ethnic Albanian groups in neighboring countries advocate for a "greater Albania," but the idea has little appeal among Albanian nationals; the mass emigration of unemployed Albanians remains a problem for developed countries, chiefly Greece and Italy

increasingly active transshipment point for Southwest Asian opiates, hashish, and cannabis transiting the Balkan route and - to a lesser extent - cocaine from South America destined for Western Europe; limited opium and expanding cannabis production; ethnic Albanian narcotrafficking organizations active and expanding in Europe; vulnerable to money laundering associated with regional trafficking in narcotics, arms, contraband, and illegal aliens

5 (2010) country comparison to the world: 177

total: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2010)

total: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2010)

1 (2010)

total: 25 country comparison to the world: 92 by type: bulk carrier 1, cargo 23, roll on/roll off 1 foreign-owned: 1 (Turkey 1) registered in other countries: 4 (Antigua and Barbuda 1, Panama 3) (2010)

gas 339 km; oil 207 km (2009)

Durres, Sarande, Shengjin, Vlore

total: 896 km country comparison to the world: 96 standard gauge: 896 km 1.435-m gauge (2008)

total: 18,000 km country comparison to the world: 117 paved: 7,020 km unpaved: 10,980 km (2002)

43 km (on the Bojana River) (2010) country comparison to the world: 105