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Communications

Internet users (Internet Service Providers (ISPs)) [time series]

1 (2000)

Internet country code [time series]

.rw

Internet users [time series]

1,000 (2000)

Broadcast media (Radio broadcast stations) [time series]

AM 0, FM 3, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios [time series]

601,000 (1997)

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

general assessment: telephone system primarily serves business and government domestic: the capital, Kigali, is connected to the centers of the prefectures by microwave radio relay; the remainder of the network depends on wire and HF radiotelephone international: international connections employ microwave radio relay to neighboring countries and satellite communications to more distant countries; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) in Kigali (includes telex and telefax service)

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones - main lines in use) [time series]

15,000 (1995)

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

NA note: however, Rwanda has mobile cellular service between Kigali and several prefecture capitals (2000)

Broadcast media (Television broadcast stations) [time series]

2 (1997)

Televisions [time series]

NA; probably less than 1,000 (1997)

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes; livestock

Budget [time series]

revenues: $198 million expenditures: $411 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)

Exchange rates (Currency) [time series]

Rwandan franc (RWF)

Exchange rates (Currency code) [time series]

RWF

Debt - external [time series]

$1.3 billion (1999)

Economic aid (Economic aid - recipient) [time series]

$591.5 million (1997); note - in summer 1998, Rwanda presented its policy objectives and development priorities to donor governments resulting in multiyear pledges in the amount of $250 million

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

Rwanda is a rural country with about 90% of the population engaged in (mainly subsistence) agriculture. It is the most densely populated country in Africa; is landlocked; and has few natural resources and minimal industry. Primary exports are coffee and tea. The 1994 genocide decimated Rwanda's fragile economic base, severely impoverished the population, particularly women, and eroded the country's ability to attract private and external investment. However, Rwanda has made significant progress in stabilizing and rehabilitating its economy. GDP has rebounded, and inflation has been curbed. In June 1998, Rwanda signed an Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF) with the IMF. Rwanda has also embarked upon an ambitious privatization program with the World Bank. Continued growth in 2001 depends on the maintenance of international aid levels and the strengthening of world prices of coffee and tea.

Electricity - consumption [time series]

191.8 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports [time series]

1 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports [time series]

70 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - production [time series]

132 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source [time series]

fossil fuel: 3.03% hydro: 96.97% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1999)

Exchange rates [time series]

Rwandan francs per US dollar - 432.24 (January 2001), 389.70 (2000), 333.94 (1999) 312.31 (1998), 301.53 (1997), 306.82 (1996)

Exports [time series]

$68.4 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Exports - commodities [time series]

coffee, tea, hides, tin ore

Exports - partners [time series]

Germany, Belgium, Pakistan, Italy, Kenya

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP) [time series]

purchasing power parity - $6.4 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin (GDP - composition by sector) [time series]

agriculture: 40% industry: 20% services: 40% (2000 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita) [time series]

purchasing power parity - $900 (2000 est.)

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

5.8% (2000 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: 4.2% highest 10%: 24.2% (1983-85)

Imports [time series]

$245.9 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Imports - commodities [time series]

foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, steel, petroleum products, cement and construction material

Imports - partners [time series]

Kenya, Tanzania, US, Benelux, France, India

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

8.7% (1998 est.)

Industries [time series]

cement, agricultural products, small-scale beverages, soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

4% (2000)

Labor force [time series]

3.6 million

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture 90%

Population below poverty line [time series]

70% (2000 est.)

Unemployment rate [time series]

NA%

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 26,338 sq km land: 24,948 sq km water: 1,390 sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly smaller than Maryland

Climate [time series]

temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible

Coastline [time series]

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Rusizi River 950 m highest point: Volcan Karisimbi 4,519 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

deforestation results from uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; widespread poaching

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Geographic coordinates [time series]

2 00 S, 30 00 E

Geography - note [time series]

landlocked; predominantly rural population

Irrigated land [time series]

40 sq km (1993 est.)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 893 km border countries: Burundi 290 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 217 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 35% permanent crops: 13% permanent pastures: 18% forests and woodland: 22% other: 12% (1993 est.)

Location [time series]

Central Africa, east of Democratic Republic of the Congo

Map references [time series]

Africa

Maritime claims [time series]

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards [time series]

periodic droughts; the volcanic Virunga mountains are in the northwest along the border with Democratic Republic of the Congo

Natural resources [time series]

gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), methane, hydropower, arable land

Terrain [time series]

mostly grassy uplands and hills; relief is mountainous with altitude declining from west to east

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

12 prefectures (in French - prefectures, singular - prefecture; in Kinyarwanda - plural - NA, singular - prefegitura); Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro, Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo, Kibuye, Kigali Rurale, Kigali-ville, Umutara, Ruhengeri

Capital [time series]

Kigali

Constitution [time series]

on 5 May 1995, the Transitional National Assembly adopted as Fundamental Law the constitution of 18 June 1991, provisions of the 1993 Arusha peace accord, the July 1994 Declaration by the Rwanda Patriotic Front, and the November 1994 multiparty protocol of understanding

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: Rwandese Republic conventional short form: Rwanda local long form: Republika y'u Rwanda local short form: Rwanda former: Ruanda

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador George M. STAPLES embassy: Boulevard de la Revolution, Kigali mailing address: B. P. 28, Kigali telephone: [250] 756 01 through 03, 721 26, 771 47

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Richard SEZIBERA chancery: 1714 New Hampshire Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 232-2882

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President Maj. Gen. Paul KAGAME (FPR) (since 22 April 2000) head of government: Prime Minister Bernard MAKUZA (since 8 March 2000) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections: normally the president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term; special election for new president by deputies of the National Assembly and governmental ministers held 17 April 2000 (next national election to be held NA 2003); prime minister is appointed by the president election results: Paul KAGAME (FPR) elected president in a special parliamentary/ministerial ballot receiving 81 of a possible 86 votes

Diplomatic representation in the US (FAX) [time series]

[1] (202) 232-4544

Diplomatic representation in the US (FAX) [time series]

[250] 721 28

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green with a large black letter R centered in the yellow band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Guinea, which has a plain yellow band

Government type [time series]

republic; presidential, multiparty system

Independence [time series]

1 July 1962 (from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship)

International organization participation [time series]

ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OAU, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Court; communal courts; appeals courts

Legal system [time series]

based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral Transitional National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale de Transition (a power-sharing body with 70 seats established on 12 December 1994 following a multiparty protocol of understanding; members were named by their parties, number of seats per party predetermined by the Arusha peace accord) note: four additional seats, two for women and two for youth, added in 2001 elections: the last national legislative elections were held 16 December 1988 for the National Development Council (the legislature prior to the advent of the Transitional National Assembly); no elections have been held for the Transitional National Assembly as the distribution of seats was predetermined by the Arusha peace accord election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - FPR 13, MDR 13, PSD 13, PL 13, PDC 6, RPA 6, PSR 2, PDI 2, UDPR 2; note - the distribution of seats was predetermined, four additional seats (two for women and two for youth) added in 2001

National holiday [time series]

Independence Day, 1 July (1962)

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Centrist Democratic Party or PDC [Jean-Nipomuscene NAYINZIRA]; Democratic Socialist Party or PSD [Charles NTAKIRUTINKA, Vincent BIRUTA, Augusin IYAMUREMYE]; Democratic Popular Union of Rwanda or UDPR [Adrien RANGIRA]; Democratic Republican Movement or MDR [Celestin KABANDA, Emile NTWARABAKIGA, Christian MARARA]; Islamic Democratic Party or PDI [Andre BUMAYA]; Liberal Party or PL [Pie MUGABO, Enock KABERA, Prosper MUGIRANEZA]; Rwanda Patriotic Army or RPA [Maj. Gen. Paul KAGAME, commander]; Rwanda Patriotic Front or FPR [Maj. Gen. Paul KAGAME]; Rwandan Socialist Party or PSR [Medard RUTIJANWA]

Political parties (Political pressure groups and leaders) [time series]

IBUKA - association of genocide survivors

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal adult

Introduction

Background [time series]

In 1959, three years before independence, the majority ethnic group, the Hutus overthrew the ruling Tutsi king. Over the next several years thousands of Tutsis were killed, and some 150,000 driven into exile in neighboring countries. The children of these exiles later formed a rebel group, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) and began a civil war in 1990. The war, along with several political and economic upheavals, exacerbated ethnic tensions culminating in April 1994 in the genocide of roughly 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus. The Tutsi rebels defeated the Hutu regime and ended the killing in July 1994, but approximately 2 million Hutu refugees - many fearing Tutsi retribution - fled to neighboring Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zaire, now called the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC). Since then most of the refugees have returned to Rwanda. Despite substantial international assistance and political reforms - including Rwanda's first local elections in March 1999 - the country continues to struggle to boost investment and agricultural output and to foster reconciliation. A series of massive population displacements, a nagging Hutu extremist insurgency, and Rwandan involvement in two wars over the past four years in the neighboring DROC continue to hinder Rwanda's efforts.

Military

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Army, Navy, Air Force

Military expenditures - dollar figure [time series]

$58 million (FY01)

Military expenditures (Military expenditures - percent of GDP) [time series]

3.2% (FY01)

Military manpower - availability [time series]

males age 15-49: 1,815,633 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service [time series]

males age 15-49: 924,544 (2001 est.)

People

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 42.4% (male 1,555,878; female 1,544,942) 15-64 years: 54.73% (male 1,989,501; female 2,013,012) 65 years and over: 2.87% (male 83,769; female 125,654) (2001 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

33.97 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate [time series]

21.13 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Ethnic groups [time series]

Hutu 84%, Tutsi 15%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate [time series]

11.21% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths [time series]

40,000 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS [time series]

400,000 (1999 est.)

Infant mortality rate [time series]

118.92 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Languages [time series]

Kinyarwanda (official) universal Bantu vernacular, French (official), English (official), Kiswahili (Swahili) used in commercial centers

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 38.99 years male: 38.35 years female: 39.65 years (2001 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 48% male: 52% female: 45% (1995 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Rwandan(s) adjective: Rwandan

Net migration rate [time series]

-1.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Population [time series]

7,312,756 note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Population growth rate [time series]

1.16% (2001 est.)

Religions [time series]

Roman Catholic 52.7%, Protestant 24%, Adventist 10.4%, Muslim 1.9%, indigenous beliefs and other 6.5%, none 4.5% (1996)

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

4.89 children born/woman (2001 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

Rwandan military forces are supporting the rebel forces in the civil war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Transportation

Airports [time series]

8 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 4 over 3,047 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 1 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 3 (2000 est.)

Roadways (Highways) [time series]

total: 12,000 km paved: 1,000 km unpaved: 11,000 km (1997 est.)

Ports (Ports and harbors) [time series]

Cyangugu, Gisenyi, Kibuye

Railways [time series]

0 km

Waterways [time series]

note: Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native craft