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Communications

Internet users (Internet Service Providers (ISPs)) [time series]

50 (2000)

Internet country code [time series]

.eg

Internet users [time series]

300,000 (2000)

Broadcast media (Radio broadcast stations) [time series]

AM 42 (plus 15 repeaters), FM 14, shortwave 3 (1999)

Radios [time series]

20.5 million (1997)

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

general assessment: large system; underwent extensive upgrading during 1990s and is reasonably modern; Internet access and cellular service are available domestic: principal centers at Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansurah, Ismailia, Suez, and Tanta are connected by coaxial cable and microwave radio relay international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean), 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat; 5 coaxial submarine cables; tropospheric scatter to Sudan; microwave radio relay to Israel; a participant in Medarabtel and a signatory to Project Oxygen (a global submarine fiber-optic cable system)

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones - main lines in use) [time series]

3,971,500 (December 1998)

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

380,000 (1999)

Broadcast media (Television broadcast stations) [time series]

98 (September 1995)

Televisions [time series]

7.7 million (1997)

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

cotton, rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruits, vegetables; cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats

Budget [time series]

revenues: $22.6 billion expenditures: $26.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY99)

Exchange rates (Currency) [time series]

Egyptian pound (EGP)

Exchange rates (Currency code) [time series]

EGP

Debt - external [time series]

$31 billion (2000 est.)

Economic aid (Economic aid - recipient) [time series]

ODA, $2.25 billion (1999)

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

A series of IMF arrangements - along with massive external debt relief resulting from Egypt's participation in the Gulf war coalition - helped Egypt improve its macroeconomic performance during the 1990s. Sound fiscal and monetary policies through the mid-1990s helped to tame inflation, slash budget deficits, and build up foreign reserves, while structural reforms such as privatization and new business legislation prompted increased foreign investment. By mid-1998, however, the pace of structural reform slackened, and lower combined hard currency earnings resulted in pressure on the Egyptian pound and sporadic US dollar shortages. External payments were not in crisis, but Cairo's attempts to curb demand for foreign exchange convinced some investors and currency traders that government financial operations lacked transparency and coordination. Monetary pressures have since eased, however, with the 1999-2000 higher oil prices, a rebound in tourism, and a series of mini-devaluations of the pound. The development of a gas export market is a major plus factor in future growth.

Electricity - consumption [time series]

60.157 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports [time series]

0 kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports [time series]

0 kWh (1999)

Electricity - production [time series]

64.685 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source [time series]

fossil fuel: 76.59% hydro: 23.41% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1999)

Exchange rates [time series]

Egyptian pounds per US dollar - market rate - 3.8400 (January 2001), 3.6900 (2000), 3.4050 (1999), 3.3880 (1998), 3.3880 (1997), 3.3880 (1996)

Exports [time series]

$7.3 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Exports - commodities [time series]

crude oil and petroleum products, cotton, textiles, metal products, chemicals

Exports - partners [time series]

EU 35%, Middle East 17%, Afro-Asian countries 14%, US 12% (1999)

Fiscal year [time series]

1 July - 30 June

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP) [time series]

purchasing power parity - $247 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin (GDP - composition by sector) [time series]

agriculture: 17% industry: 32% services: 51% (1999)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita) [time series]

purchasing power parity - $3,600 (2000 est.)

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

5% (2000 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: 4.4% highest 10%: 25% (1995)

Imports [time series]

$17 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Imports - commodities [time series]

machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, wood products, fuels

Imports - partners [time series]

EU 36%, US 14%, Afro-Asian countries 14%, Middle East 6% (1999)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

2.1% (2000 est.)

Industries [time series]

textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, hydrocarbons, construction, cement, metals

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

3% (2000)

Labor force [time series]

19.9 million (2000 est.)

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture 29%, services 49%, industry 22% (FY99)

Population below poverty line [time series]

22.9% (FY95/96 est.)

Unemployment rate [time series]

11.5% (2000 est.)

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 1,001,450 sq km land: 995,450 sq km water: 6,000 sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly more than three times the size of New Mexico

Climate [time series]

desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters

Coastline [time series]

2,450 km

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Qattara Depression -133 m highest point: Mount Catherine 2,629 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

agricultural land being lost to urbanization and windblown sands; increasing soil salination below Aswan High Dam; desertification; oil pollution threatening coral reefs, beaches, and marine habitats; other water pollution from agricultural pesticides, raw sewage, and industrial effluents; very limited natural fresh water resources away from the Nile which is the only perennial water source; rapid growth in population overstraining natural resources

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Geographic coordinates [time series]

27 00 N, 30 00 E

Geography - note [time series]

controls Sinai Peninsula, only land bridge between Africa and remainder of Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, shortest sea link between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea; size, and juxtaposition to Israel, establish its major role in Middle Eastern geopolitics; dependence on upstream neighbors; dominance of Nile basin issues; prone to influxes of refugees

Irrigated land [time series]

32,460 sq km (1993 est.)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 2,689 km border countries: Gaza Strip 11 km, Israel 255 km, Libya 1,150 km, Sudan 1,273 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 2% permanent crops: 0% permanent pastures: 0% forests and woodland: 0% other: 98% (1993 est.)

Location [time series]

Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip

Map references [time series]

Africa

Maritime claims [time series]

contiguous zone: 24 NM continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM

Natural hazards [time series]

periodic droughts; frequent earthquakes, flash floods, landslides, volcanic activity; hot, driving windstorm called khamsin occurs in spring; dust storms, sandstorms

Natural resources [time series]

petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zinc

Terrain [time series]

vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

26 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Ad Daqahliyah, Al Bahr al Ahmar, Al Buhayrah, Al Fayyum, Al Gharbiyah, Al Iskandariyah, Al Isma'iliyah, Al Jizah, Al Minufiyah, Al Minya, Al Qahirah, Al Qalyubiyah, Al Wadi al Jadid, Ash Sharqiyah, As Suways, Aswan, Asyut, Bani Suwayf, Bur Sa'id, Dumyat, Janub Sina', Kafr ash Shaykh, Matruh, Qina, Shamal Sina', Suhaj

Capital [time series]

Cairo

Constitution [time series]

11 September 1971

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: Arab Republic of Egypt conventional short form: Egypt local long form: Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah local short form: Misr former: United Arab Republic (with Syria)

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Daniel C. KURTZER embassy: 5 Latin America St., Garden City, Cairo mailing address: Unit 64900, APO AE 09839-4900 telephone: [20] (2) 795-7371

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Nabil FAHMY chancery: 3521 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 895-5400

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK (since 14 October 1981) head of government: Prime Minister Atef OBEID (since 5 October 1999) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections: president nominated by the People's Assembly for a six-year term, the nomination must then be validated by a national, popular referendum; national referendum last held 26 September 1999 (next to be held NA October 2005); prime minister appointed by the president election results: national referendum validated President MUBARAK's nomination by the People's Assembly to a fourth term

Diplomatic representation in the US (FAX) [time series]

[1] (202) 244-4319, 5131 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, New York, and San Francisco

Diplomatic representation in the US (FAX) [time series]

[20] (2) 797-2000

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with the national emblem (a shield superimposed on a golden eagle facing the hoist side above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in the white band; similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band; also similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars, and to the flag of Iraq, which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the white band

Government type [time series]

republic

Independence [time series]

28 February 1922 (from UK)

International organization participation [time series]

ABEDA, ACC, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, BSEC (observer), CAEU, CCC, EBRD, ECA, ESCWA, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OAU, OIC, OSCE (partner), PCA, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOP, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UNTAET, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Constitutional Court

Legal system [time series]

based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes; judicial review by Supreme Court and Council of State (oversees validity of administrative decisions); accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Legislative branch [time series]

bicameral system consists of the People's Assembly or Majlis al-Sha'b (454 seats; 444 elected by popular vote, 10 appointed by the president; members serve five-year terms) and the Advisory Council or Majlis al-Shura - which functions only in a consultative role (264 seats; 176 elected by popular vote, 88 appointed by the president; members serve NA-year terms) elections: People's Assembly - three-phase voting - last held 19 October, 29 October, 8 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2005); Advisory Council - last held 7 June 1995 (next to be held NA) election results: People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - NDP 88%, independents 8%, opposition 4%; seats by party - NDP 398, NWP 7, Tagammu 6, Nasserists 2, LSP 1, independents 38, undecided 2; Advisory Council - percent of vote by party - NDP 99%, independents 1%; seats by party - NA

National holiday [time series]

Revolution Day, 23 July (1952)

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Nasserist Arab Democratic Party or Nasserists [Dia' al-din DAWUD]; National Democratic Party or NDP [President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK, leader] - governing party; National Progressive Unionist Grouping or Tagammu [Khalid MUHI AL-DIN]; New Wafd Party or NWP [No'man GOMA]; Socialist Liberal Party or LSP [leader NA] note: formation of political parties must be approved by government

Political parties (Political pressure groups and leaders) [time series]

despite a constitutional ban against religious-based parties, the technically illegal Muslim Brotherhood constitutes MUBARAK's potentially most significant political opposition; MUBARAK tolerated limited political activity by the Brotherhood for his first two terms, but moved more aggressively since then to block its influence; civic society groups are sanctioned, but constrained in practical terms; trade unions and professional associations are officially sanctioned

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Introduction

Background [time series]

Nominally independent from the UK in 1922, Egypt acquired full sovereignty following World War II. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake Nasser have altered the time-honored place of the Nile river in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population (the largest in the Arab world), limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress society. The government has struggled to ready the economy for the new millennium through economic reform and massive investment in communications and physical infrastructure.

Military

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Command

Military expenditures - dollar figure [time series]

$4.04 billion (FY99/00)

Military expenditures (Military expenditures - percent of GDP) [time series]

4.1% (FY99/00)

Military manpower - availability [time series]

males age 15-49: 18,562,994 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service [time series]

males age 15-49: 12,020,059 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - military age [time series]

20 years of age

Military manpower - reaching military age annually [time series]

males: 712,983 (2001 est.)

People

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 34.59% (male 12,313,585; female 11,739,072) 15-64 years: 61.6% (male 21,614,284; female 21,217,978) 65 years and over: 3.81% (male 1,160,967; female 1,490,758) (2001 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

24.89 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate [time series]

7.7 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Ethnic groups [time series]

Eastern Hamitic stock (Egyptians, Bedouins, and Berbers) 99%, Greek, Nubian, Armenian, other European (primarily Italian and French) 1%

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate [time series]

0.02% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths [time series]

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS [time series]

Infant mortality rate [time series]

60.46 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Languages [time series]

Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated classes

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 63.69 years male: 61.62 years female: 65.85 years (2001 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 51.4% male: 63.6% female: 38.8% (1995 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Egyptian(s) adjective: Egyptian

Net migration rate [time series]

-0.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Population [time series]

69,536,644 (July 2001 est.)

Population growth rate [time series]

1.69% (2001 est.)

Religions [time series]

Muslim (mostly Sunni) 94%, Coptic Christian and other 6%

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

3.07 children born/woman (2001 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

Egypt asserts its claim to the "Hala'ib Triangle," a barren area of 20,580 sq km under partial Sudanese administration that is defined by an administrative boundary which supersedes the treaty boundary of 1899

Illicit drugs [time series]

a transit point for Southwest Asian and Southeast Asian heroin and opium moving to Europe, Africa, and the US; popular transit stop for Nigerian couriers

Transportation

Airports [time series]

90 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 69 over 3,047 m: 12 2,438 to 3,047 m: 35 1,524 to 2,437 m: 17 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 3 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 21 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 7 under 914 m: 10 (2000 est.)

Heliports [time series]

2 (2000 est.)

Roadways (Highways) [time series]

total: 64,000 km paved: 50,000 km unpaved: 14,000 km (1996)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 181 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,336,678 GRT/1,982,220 DWT ships by type: bulk 23, cargo 61, container 2, liquefied gas 1, passenger 61, petroleum tanker 15, roll on/roll off 15, short-sea passenger 3 (2000 est.)

Pipelines [time series]

crude oil 1,171 km; petroleum products 596 km; natural gas 460 km

Ports (Ports and harbors) [time series]

Alexandria, Al Ghardaqah, Aswan, Asyut, Bur Safajah, Damietta, Marsa Matruh, Port Said, Suez

Railways [time series]

total: 4,955 km standard gauge: 4,955 km 1,435-m gauge (42 km electrified; 1,560 km double track) (2000)

Waterways [time series]

3,500 km note: including the Nile, Lake Nasser, Alexandria-Cairo Waterway, and numerous smaller canals in the delta; Suez Canal (193.5 km including approaches), used by oceangoing vessels drawing up to 16.1 m of water