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Communications

Broadcast media (Radio broadcast stations) [time series]

AM 57, FM 14, shortwave 3 (1998 est.)

Radios [time series]

16.45 million (1998 est.)

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

large system by Third World standards but inadequate for present requirements and undergoing extensive upgrading domestic: principal centers at Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansurah, Ismailia, Suez, and Tanta are connected by coaxial cable and microwave radio relay international: satellite earth stations--2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean), 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat; 5 coaxial submarine cables; tropospheric scatter to Sudan; microwave radio relay to Israel; participant in Medarabtel

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones) [time series]

3.168 million (1996); 70,000 digital cellular telephone subscribers (1998); 7,400 analog cellular telephone subscribers (1997)

Broadcast media (Television broadcast stations) [time series]

42 (in addition, there are nine channels received from Europe by satellite) (1997)

Televisions [time series]

5 million (1998 est.)

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture--products) [time series]

cotton, rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruits, vegetables; cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats; fish

Budget [time series]

revenues: $20 billion expenditures: $20.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $4.4 billion (FY97/98)

Exchange rates (Currency) [time series]

1 Egyptian pound (LE) = 100 piasters

Debt - external (Debt--external) [time series]

$28 billion (FY97/98 est.)

Economic aid (Economic aid--recipient) [time series]

ODA, $2.4 billion (1996)

Economic overview (Economy--overview) [time series]

At the end of the 1980s, Egypt faced problems of low productivity and poor economic management, compounded by the adverse social effects of excessive population growth, high inflation, and massive urban overcrowding. In the face of these pressures, in 1991 Egypt undertook wide-ranging macroeconomic stabilization and structural reform measures. This reform effort has been supported by three IMF arrangements, the last of which expired in September 1998. Egypt's reform efforts--and its participation in the Gulf war coalition--also led to massive debt relief under the Paris Club arrangements. Substantial progress has been made in improving macroeconomic performance. Cairo tamed inflation, slashed budget deficits, and built up foreign reserves to an all-time high. Although the pace of structural reforms--such as privatization and new business legislation--has been slower than envisioned under the IMF program, Egypt's steps toward a more market-oriented economy have prompted increased foreign investment. The November 1997 massacre of foreign tourists in Luxor affected tourism enough to slow the GDP growth rate for 1998 compared to earlier projections. Tourism's slow recovery, coupled with low world oil prices, caused a downturn in foreign exchange earnings in 1998, but external payments are not in crisis.

Electricity - consumption (Electricity--consumption) [time series]

46 billion kWh (1996)

Electricity - exports (Electricity--exports) [time series]

0 kWh (1996)

Electricity - imports (Electricity--imports) [time series]

0 kWh (1996)

Electricity - production (Electricity--production) [time series]

46 billion kWh (1996)

Electricity - production by source (Electricity--production by source) [time series]

fossil fuel: 76.09% hydro: 23.91% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1996)

Exchange rates [time series]

Egyptian pounds (LE) per US$1--3.4 (November 1994); market rate--3.3880 (January 1999), 3.3880 (1998), 3.3880 (1997), 3.3880 (1996), 3.3900 (1995), 3.3910 (1994)

Exports [time series]

$5.5 billion (f.o.b., FY97/98 est.)

Exports - commodities (Exports--commodities) [time series]

crude oil and petroleum products, cotton yarn, raw cotton, textiles, metal products, chemicals

Exports - partners (Exports--partners) [time series]

EU, US, Japan

Fiscal year [time series]

1 July--30 June

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP) [time series]

purchasing power parity--$188 billion (1998 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin (GDP--composition by sector) [time series]

agriculture: 16% industry: 31% services: 53% (1997)

Real GDP per capita (GDP--per capita) [time series]

purchasing power parity?$2,850 (1998 est.)

Real GDP growth rate (GDP--real growth rate) [time series]

5% (1998 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: 3.9% highest 10%: 26.7% (1991)

Imports [time series]

$16.7 billion (c.i.f., FY97/98 est.)

Imports - commodities (Imports--commodities) [time series]

machinery and equipment, foods, fertilizers, wood products, durable consumer goods, capital goods

Imports - partners (Imports--partners) [time series]

US, EU, Japan

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

9.4% (1997 est.)

Industries [time series]

textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, petroleum, construction, cement, metals

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

3.6% (1998)

Labor force [time series]

17.4 million (1998 est.)

Labor force - by occupation (Labor force--by occupation) [time series]

agriculture 40%, services, including government 38%, industry 22% (1990 est.)

Population below poverty line [time series]

NA%

Unemployment rate [time series]

10% (1998 est.)

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 1,001,450 sq km land: 995,450 sq km water: 6,000 sq km

Area - comparative (Area--comparative) [time series]

slightly more than three times the size of New Mexico

Climate [time series]

desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters

Coastline [time series]

2,450 km

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Qattara Depression -133 m highest point: Mount Catherine 2,629 m

Environment - current issues (Environment--current issues) [time series]

agricultural land being lost to urbanization and windblown sands; increasing soil salination below Aswan High Dam; desertification; oil pollution threatening coral reefs, beaches, and marine habitats; other water pollution from agricultural pesticides, raw sewage, and industrial effluents; very limited natural fresh water resources away from the Nile which is the only perennial water source; rapid growth in population overstraining natural resources

International environmental agreements (Environment--international agreements) [time series]

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geographic coordinates [time series]

27 00 N, 30 00 E

Geography - note (Geography--note) [time series]

controls Sinai Peninsula, only land bridge between Africa and remainder of Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, shortest sea link between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea; size, and juxtaposition to Israel, establish its major role in Middle Eastern geopolitics

Irrigated land [time series]

32,460 sq km (1993 est.)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 2,689 km border countries: Gaza Strip 11 km, Israel 255 km, Libya 1,150 km, Sudan 1,273 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 2% permanent crops: 0% permanent pastures: 0% forests and woodland: 0% other: 98% (1993 est.)

Location [time series]

Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip

Map references [time series]

Africa

Maritime claims [time series]

contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm

Natural hazards [time series]

periodic droughts; frequent earthquakes, flash floods, landslides, volcanic activity; hot, driving windstorm called khamsin occurs in spring; dust storms, sandstorms

Natural resources [time series]

petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zinc

Terrain [time series]

vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

26 governorates (muhafazat, singular--muhafazah); Ad Daqahliyah, Al Bahr al Ahmar, Al Buhayrah, Al Fayyum, Al Gharbiyah, Al Iskandariyah, Al Isma'iliyah, Al Jizah, Al Minufiyah, Al Minya, Al Qahirah, Al Qalyubiyah, Al Wadi al Jadid, Ash Sharqiyah, As Suways, Aswan, Asyut, Bani Suwayf, Bur Sa'id, Dumyat, Janub Sina', Kafr ash Shaykh, Matruh, Qina, Shamal Sina', Suhaj

Capital [time series]

Cairo

Constitution [time series]

11 September 1971

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: Arab Republic of Egypt conventional short form: Egypt local long form: Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah local short form: Misr former: United Arab Republic (with Syria)

Data code [time series]

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Daniel C. KURTZER embassy: (North Gate) 8, Kamel El-Din Salah Street, Garden City, Cairo mailing address: Unit 64900, APO AE 09839-4900

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Ahmed MAHER al-Sayed chancery: 3521 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, New York, and San Francisco

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK (since 14 October 1981) head of government: Prime Minister Kamal Ahmed El-GANZOURI (since 4 January 1996) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections: president nominated by the People's Assembly for a six-year term, the nomination must then be validated by a national, popular referendum; national referendum last held 4 October 1993 (next to be held NA October 1999); prime minister appointed by the president election results: national referendum validated President MUBARAK's nomination by the People's Assembly to a third term

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with the national emblem (a shield superimposed on a golden eagle facing the hoist side above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in the white band; similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band; also similar to the flag of Syria that has two green stars and to the flag of Iraq, which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the white band

Government type [time series]

republic

Independence [time series]

28 February 1922 (from UK)

International organization participation [time series]

ABEDA, ACC, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, BSEC (observer), CAEU, CCC, EBRD, ECA, ESCWA, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURCA, MINURSO, MONUA, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OAU, OIC, OSCE (partner), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMIBH, UNMOP, UNOMIG, UNOMIL, UNOMSIL, UNPREDEP, UNRWA, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Constitutional Court

Legal system [time series]

based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes; judicial review by Supreme Court and Council of State (oversees validity of administrative decisions); accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Legislative branch [time series]

bicameral system consists of the People's Assembly or Majlis al-Sha'b (454 seats; 444 elected by popular vote, 10 appointed by the president; members serve five-year terms) and the Advisory Council or Majlis al-Shura--which functions only in a consultative role (264 seats; 176 elected by popular vote, 88 appointed by the president; members serve NA-year terms) elections: People's Assembly--last held 29 November 1995 (next to be held NA 2000); Advisory Council--last held 7 June 1995 (next to be held NA) election results: People's Assembly--percent of vote by party--NDP 72%, independents 25%, opposition 3%; seats by party--NDP 317, independents 114, NWP 6, NPUG 5, Nasserist Arab Democratic Party 1, Liberals 1; Advisory Council--percent of vote by party--NDP 99%, independents 1%; seats by party--NA

National holiday [time series]

Anniversary of the Revolution, 23 July (1952)

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

National Democratic Party or NDP legal opposition parties are as follows: New Wafd Party or NWP note: formation of political parties must be approved by government

Political parties (Political pressure groups and leaders) [time series]

despite a constitutional ban against religious-based parties, the technically illegal Muslim Brotherhood constitutes MUBARAK's potentially most significant political opposition; MUBARAK tolerated limited political activity by the Brotherhood for his first two terms, but has moved more aggressively in the past two years to block its influence; trade unions and professional associations are officially sanctioned

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Introduction

Background [time series]

One of the four great ancient civilizations, Egypt, ruled by powerful pharaohs, bequeathed to Western civilization numerous advances in technology, science, and the arts. For the last two millennia, however, Egypt has served a series of foreign masters--Persians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Turks, and the British. Formal independence came in 1922, and the remnants of British control ended after World War II. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1981 altered the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population will stress Egyptian society and resources as it enters the new millenium.

Military

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Command

Military expenditures - dollar figure (Military expenditures--dollar figure) [time series]

$3.28 billion (FY95/96)

Military expenditures (Military expenditures--percent of GDP) [time series]

8.2% (FY95/96)

Military manpower - availability (Military manpower--availability) [time series]

males age 15-49: 17,756,706 (1999 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service (Military manpower--fit for military service) [time series]

males age 15-49: 11,507,058 (1999 est.)

Military manpower - military age (Military manpower--military age) [time series]

20 years of age

Military manpower - reaching military age annually (Military manpower--reaching military age annually) [time series]

males: 694,468 (1999 est.)

People

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 36% (male 12,260,845; female 11,712,752) 15-64 years: 61% (male 20,604,620; female 20,211,012) 65 years and over: 3% (male 1,099,517; female 1,385,160) (1999 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

26.8 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)

Death rate [time series]

8.27 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)

Ethnic groups [time series]

Eastern Hamitic stock (Egyptians, Bedouins, and Berbers) 99%, Greek, Nubian, Armenian, other European (primarily Italian and French) 1%

Infant mortality rate [time series]

67.46 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)

Languages [time series]

Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated classes

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 62.39 years male: 60.39 years female: 64.49 years (1999 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 51.4% male: 63.6% female: 38.8% (1995 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Egyptian(s) adjective: Egyptian

Net migration rate [time series]

-0.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)

Population [time series]

67,273,906 (July 1999 est.)

Population growth rate [time series]

1.82% (1999 est.)

Religions [time series]

Muslim (mostly Sunni) 94% (official estimate), Coptic Christian and other 6% (official estimate)

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (1999 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

3.33 children born/woman (1999 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international (Disputes--international) [time series]

Egypt asserts its claim to the "Hala'ib Triangle," a barren area of 20,580 sq km under partial Sudanese administration that is defined by an administrative boundary which supersedes the treaty boundary of 1899

Illicit drugs [time series]

a transit point for Southwest Asian and Southeast Asian heroin and opium moving to Europe and the US; popular transit stop for Nigerian couriers

Transportation

Airports [time series]

89 (1998 est.)

Airports - with paved runways (Airports--with paved runways) [time series]

total: 70 over 3,047 m: 10 2,438 to 3,047 m: 37 1,524 to 2,437 m: 16 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 4 (1998 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways (Airports--with unpaved runways) [time series]

total: 19 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 6 under 914 m: 9 (1998 est.)

Heliports [time series]

2 (1998 est.)

Roadways (Highways) [time series]

total: 64,000 km paved: 49,984 km unpaved: 14,016 km (1996 est.)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 180 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,334,406 GRT/2,022,785 DWT ships by type: bulk 25, cargo 63, container 1, liquefied gas tanker 1, oil tanker 14, passenger 56, refrigerated cargo 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 16, short-sea passenger 3 (1998 est.)

Pipelines [time series]

crude oil 1,171 km; petroleum products 596 km; natural gas 460 km

Ports (Ports and harbors) [time series]

Alexandria, Al Ghardaqah, Aswan, Asyut, Bur Safajah, Damietta, Marsa Matruh, Port Said, Suez

Railways [time series]

total: 4,751 km standard gauge: 4,751 km 1,435-m gauge (42 km electrified; 951 km double track)

Waterways [time series]

3,500 km (including the Nile, Lake Nasser, Alexandria-Cairo Waterway, and numerous smaller canals in the delta); Suez Canal, 193.5 km long (including approaches), used by oceangoing vessels drawing up to 16.1 m of water