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Communications

Internet users (Internet Service Providers (ISPs)) [time series]

26 (2000)

Internet country code [time series]

.bg

Internet users [time series]

200,000 (2000)

Broadcast media (Radio broadcast stations) [time series]

AM 24, FM 93, shortwave 2 (1998)

Radios [time series]

4.51 million (1997)

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

general assessment: extensive but antiquated domestic: more than two-thirds of the lines are residential; telephone service is available in most villages; a fairly modern digital cable trunk line now connects switching centers in most of the regions, the others are connected by digital microwave radio relay international: direct dialing to 58 countries; satellite earth stations - 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region); 2 Intelsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions)

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones - main lines in use) [time series]

3.255 million (2000)

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

596,000 (2000)

Broadcast media (Television broadcast stations) [time series]

96 (plus 1,030 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions [time series]

3.31 million (1997)

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

vegetables, fruits, tobacco, livestock, wine, wheat, barley, sunflowers, sugar beets

Budget [time series]

revenues: $4.85 billion expenditures: $4.92 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)

Exchange rates (Currency) [time series]

lev (BGL)

Exchange rates (Currency code) [time series]

BGL

Debt - external [time series]

$10.4 billion (2000 est.)

Economic aid (Economic aid - recipient) [time series]

$1 billion (1999 est.)

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

Bulgaria, a former communist country struggling to enter the European market economy, suffered a major economic downturn in 1996 and 1997, with triple digit inflation and GDP contraction of 10.6% and 6.9%. The current government - which took office in May 1997 after pre-term parliamentary elections - stabilized the economy and promoted growth by implementing a currency board, practicing sound financial policies, invigorating privatization, and pursuing structural reforms. Additionally, strong assistance from international financial institutions - most notably the IMF which approved a three-year Extended Fund Facility worth approximately $900 million in September 1998 - played a critical role in turning the economy around. After several years of tumult, Bulgaria's economy has stabilized. Its better-than-expected economic performance in 1999 - despite the impact of the Kosovo conflict, the 1998 Russian financial crisis, and structural reforms - and strong growth in 2000 portends solid growth over the next few years; this assumes continued fiscal restraint, additional structural reforms, aid from abroad, and prosperous times in the EU economy.

Electricity - consumption [time series]

33.182 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports [time series]

2.2 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports [time series]

1.7 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - production [time series]

36.217 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source [time series]

fossil fuel: 51.52% hydro: 8.35% nuclear: 40.12% other: 0.01% (1999)

Exchange rates [time series]

leva per US dollar - 2.0848 (January 2001), 2.1233 (2000), 1.8364 (1999), 1,760.36 (1998), 1,681.88 (1997), 177.89 (1996) note: on 5 July 1999, the lev was redenominated; the post-5 July 1999 lev is equal to 1,000 of the pre-5 July 1999 lev

Exports [time series]

$4.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Exports - commodities [time series]

clothing, footwear, iron and steel, machinery and equipment, fuels

Exports - partners [time series]

Italy 14%, Turkey 10%, Germany 9%, Greece 8%, Yugoslavia 8%, Belgium 6%, France 5%, US 4% (2000)

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP) [time series]

purchasing power parity - $48 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin (GDP - composition by sector) [time series]

agriculture: 15% industry: 29% services: 56% (2000 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita) [time series]

purchasing power parity - $6,200 (2000 est.)

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

5% (2000 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: 3.4% highest 10%: 22.5% (1995)

Imports [time series]

$5.9 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Imports - commodities [time series]

fuels, minerals, and raw materials; machinery and equipment; metals and ores; chemicals and plastics; food, textiles

Imports - partners [time series]

Russia 24%, Germany 14%, Italy 8%, Greece 5%, France 5%, Romania 4%, Turkey 3%, US 3% (2000)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

10.8% (2000 est.)

Industries [time series]

electricity, gas and water; food, beverages and tobacco; machinery and equipment, base metals, chemical products, coke, refined petroleum, nuclear fuel

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

10.4% (2000 est.)

Labor force [time series]

3.83 million (2000 est.)

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture 26%, industry 31%, services 43% (1998 est.)

Population below poverty line [time series]

35% (2000 est.)

Unemployment rate [time series]

17.7% (2000 est.)

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 110,910 sq km land: 110,550 sq km water: 360 sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly larger than Tennessee

Climate [time series]

temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers

Coastline [time series]

354 km

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Black Sea 0 m highest point: Musala 2,925 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

air pollution from industrial emissions; rivers polluted from raw sewage, heavy metals, detergents; deforestation; forest damage from air pollution and resulting acid rain; soil contamination from heavy metals from metallurgical plants and industrial wastes

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Geographic coordinates [time series]

43 00 N, 25 00 E

Geography - note [time series]

strategic location near Turkish Straits; controls key land routes from Europe to Middle East and Asia

Irrigated land [time series]

12,370 sq km (1993 est.)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 1,808 km border countries: Greece 494 km, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 148 km, Romania 608 km, Yugoslavia 318 km, Turkey 240 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 43% permanent crops: 2% permanent pastures: 14% forests and woodland: 38% other: 3% (1999 est.)

Location [time series]

Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Romania and Turkey

Map references [time series]

Europe

Maritime claims [time series]

contiguous zone: 24 NM exclusive economic zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM

Natural hazards [time series]

earthquakes, landslides

Natural resources [time series]

bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber, arable land

Terrain [time series]

mostly mountains with lowlands in north and southeast

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

28 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast); Blagoevgrad, Burgas, Dobrich, Gabrovo, Khaskovo, Kurdzhali, Kyustendil, Lovech, Montana, Pazardzhik, Pernik, Pleven, Plovdiv, Razgrad, Ruse, Shumen, Silistra, Sliven, Smolyan, Sofiya, Sofiya-Grad, Stara Zagora, Turgovishte, Varna, Veliko Turnovo, Vidin, Vratsa, Yambol

Capital [time series]

Sofia

Constitution [time series]

adopted 12 July 1991

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: Republic of Bulgaria conventional short form: Bulgaria

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Richard M. MILES embassy: 1 Suborna Street, Sofia mailing address: American Embassy Sofia, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5740 telephone: [359] (2) 980-52-41

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Philip DIMITROV chancery: 1621 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 387-7969

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President Petar STOYANOV (since 22 January 1997); Vice President Todor KAVALDZHIEV (since 22 January 1997) head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) Ivan KOSTOV (since 19 May 1997); Deputy Prime Minister Petur ZHOTEV (since 21 December 1999) cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the National Assembly elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 27 October and 3 November 1996 (next to be held NA 2001); chairman of the Council of Ministers (prime minister) nominated by the president; deputy prime ministers nominated by the prime minister election results: Petar STOYANOV elected president; percent of vote - Petar STOYANOV 59.73%

Diplomatic representation in the US (FAX) [time series]

[1] (202) 234-7973 consulate(s): New York

Diplomatic representation in the US (FAX) [time series]

[359] (2) 981-89-77

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and red; the national emblem formerly on the hoist side of the white stripe has been removed - it contained a rampant lion within a wreath of wheat ears below a red five-pointed star and above a ribbon bearing the dates 681 (first Bulgarian state established) and 1944 (liberation from Nazi control)

Government type [time series]

parliamentary democracy

Independence [time series]

3 March 1878 (from Ottoman Empire)

International organization participation [time series]

ACCT, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, EU (applicant), FAO, G- 9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IFC, IFRCS, IHO (pending member), ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM (guest), NSG, OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOP, UPU, WCL, WEU (associate partner), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, ZC

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Administrative Court; Supreme Court of Cassation; Constitutional Court (12 justices appointed or elected for nine-year terms); Supreme Judicial Council (consists of the chairmen of the two Supreme Courts, the Chief Prosecutor, and 22 other members; responsible for appointing the justices, prosecutors, and investigating magistrates in the justice system; members of the Supreme Judicial Council elected for five-year terms, 11 elected by the National Assembly and 11 by bodies of the judiciary)

Legal system [time series]

civil law and criminal law based on Roman law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral National Assembly or Narodno Sobranie (240 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 17 June 2001 (next to be held NA June 2005) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - National Movement for Simeon II 120, UDF 51, BSP 48, DPS 21

National holiday [time series]

Liberation Day, 3 March (1878)

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Alliance for National Salvation or ANS (coalition led mainly by Movement for Rights and Freedoms or MRF) [Ahmed DOGAN]; Bulgarian Business Bloc or BBB [Georgi GANCHEV]; Bulgarian Socialist Party or BSP [Georgi PURVANOV, chairman]; Democratic Left or DL (bloc led by BSP, includes Ecoglasnost Political Club and Bulgarian Agrarian National Union) [leader NA]; Euro-left [Aleksandur TOMOV]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization or UMRO [Aleksander KARAKACHNOV]; Kingdom of Bulgaria Federation [leader NA]; Movement for Rights and Freedom or DPS [Ahmed DOGAN]; National Movement for Simeon II [Simeon II, former king]; New Civic Party for Bulgaria [Bogomil BONEV]; People's Union or PU (includes Bulgarian Agrarian People's Union and Democratic Party) [Anastasiya MOZER]; St. George's Day [Lyuben DILOV]; Union of Democratic Forces or UDF (an alliance of pro-democratic parties) [Ivan KOSTOV]

Political parties (Political pressure groups and leaders) [time series]

agrarian movement; Bulgarian Democratic Center; Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria or CITUB; Democratic Alliance for the Republic or DAR; New Union for Democracy or NUD; Podkrepa Labor Confederation; numerous regional, ethnic, and national interest groups with various agendas

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal

Introduction

Background [time series]

Bulgaria earned its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1878, but having fought on the losing side in both World Wars, it fell within the Soviet sphere of influence and became a People's Republic in 1946. Communist domination ended in 1990, when Bulgaria held its first multi-party election since World War II and began the contentious process of moving toward political democracy and a market economy while combating inflation, unemployment, corruption, and crime. Today, reforms and democratization keep Bulgaria on a path toward eventual integration into NATO and the EU - with which it began accession negotiations in 2000.

Military

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Civil Defense Forces, Internal Troops

Military expenditures - dollar figure [time series]

$344 million (FY00)

Military expenditures (Military expenditures - percent of GDP) [time series]

2.4% (FY00)

Military manpower - availability [time series]

males age 15-49: 1,891,498 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service [time series]

males age 15-49: 1,581,697 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - military age [time series]

19 years of age

Military manpower - reaching military age annually [time series]

males: 56,104 (2001 est.)

People

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 15.11% (male 597,765; female 567,030) 15-64 years: 68.17% (male 2,588,805; female 2,665,736) 65 years and over: 16.72% (male 543,665; female 744,494) (2001 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

8.06 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate [time series]

14.53 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Ethnic groups [time series]

Bulgarian 83%, Turk 8.5%, Roma 2.6%, Macedonian, Armenian, Tatar, Gagauz, Circassian, others (1998)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate [time series]

0.01% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths [time series]

less than 100 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS [time series]

Infant mortality rate [time series]

14.65 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Languages [time series]

Bulgarian, secondary languages closely correspond to ethnic breakdown

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 71.2 years male: 67.72 years female: 74.89 years (2001 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 98% male: 99% female: 98% (1999)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Bulgarian(s) adjective: Bulgarian

Net migration rate [time series]

-4.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Population [time series]

7,707,495 (July 2001 est.)

Population growth rate [time series]

-1.14% (2001 est.)

Religions [time series]

Bulgarian Orthodox 83.5%, Muslim 13%, Roman Catholic 1.5%, Uniate Catholic 0.2%, Jewish 0.8%, Protestant, Gregorian-Armenian, and other 1% (1998)

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/female total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

1.13 children born/woman (2001 est.)

Transnational Issues

Illicit drugs [time series]

major European transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and, to a lesser degree, South American cocaine for the European market; limited producer of precursor chemicals

Transportation

Airports [time series]

215 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 128 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 19 1,524 to 2,437 m: 15 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 92 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 87 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 10 under 914 m: 75 (2000 est.)

Heliports [time series]

1 (2000 est.)

Roadways (Highways) [time series]

total: 36,724 km paved: 33,786 km (including 314 km of expressways) unpaved: 2,938 km (1999)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 81 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 938,706 GRT/1,440,374 DWT ships by type: bulk 44, cargo 16, chemical tanker 4, container 2, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 6, railcar carrier 2, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 3, short-sea passenger 1, specialized tanker 1 (2000 est.)

Pipelines [time series]

petroleum products 525 km; natural gas 1,500 km (1999)

Ports (Ports and harbors) [time series]

Burgas, Lom, Nesebur, Ruse, Varna, Vidin

Railways [time series]

total: 4,294 km standard gauge: 4,049 km 1.435-m gauge (2,710 km electrified; 917 km double track) narrow gauge: 245 km 0.760-m gauge (1998)

Waterways [time series]

470 km (1987)