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Communications

Broadcast media (Radio broadcast stations) [time series]

AM 4, FM 0, shortwave 0

Radios [time series]

9.9 million (1992 est.)

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

open wire and microwave radio relay system adequate for government use domestic: open wire and microwave radio relay international: open wire to Sudan and Djibouti; microwave radio relay to Kenya and Djibouti; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Pacific Ocean)

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones) [time series]

100,000 (1983 est.)

Broadcast media (Television broadcast stations) [time series]

Televisions [time series]

100,000 (1993 est.)

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

cereals, pulses, coffee, oilseed, sugarcane, potatoes, other vegetables; hides, cattle, sheep, goats

Budget [time series]

revenues : $1 billion expenditures: $1.48 billion, including capital expenditures of $415 million (FY96/97)

Exchange rates (Currency) [time series]

1 birr (Br) = 100 cents

Debt - external [time series]

$4.3 billion (1995 est.)

Economic aid [time series]

recipient: ODA, $367 million (FY95/96)

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

Ethiopia continues to face difficult economic problems as one of the poorest and least developed countries in the world. Its economy is based on agriculture, which accounts for more than half of GDP, 90% of exports, and 80% of total employment; coffee generates 60% of export earnings. The agricultural sector suffers from frequent periods of drought, poor cultivation practices, and deterioration of internal security conditions. The manufacturing sector is heavily dependent on inputs from the agricultural sector. Over 90% of large-scale industry, but less than 10% of agriculture, is state-run. The government is considering selling off a portion of state-owned plants and is implementing reform measures that are gradually liberalizing the economy. A major medium-term problem is the improvement of roads, water supply, and other parts of an infrastructure badly neglected during years of civil strife.

Electricity - capacity [time series]

630,000 kW (1991)

Electricity - consumption per capita [time series]

23 kWh (1994 est.)

Electricity - production [time series]

1.27 billion kWh (1994)

Exchange rates [time series]

birr (Br) per US$1 (end of period) - 6.4260 (December 1996), 6.4260 (1996), 6.3200 (1995), 5.9500 (1994), 5.0000 (fixed rate 1992-93); fixed at 2.070 before 1992 note: since May 1993, the birr market rate has been determined in an interbank market supported by weekly wholesale auction; prior to that date, the official rate was pegged to US$1 = 5.000 birr

Exports [time series]

total value : $423 million (f.o.b., 1995 est.) commodities: coffee, leather products, gold (1995) partners: Germany 18%, Japan 13%, Djibouti 10%, Saudi Arabia 8% (1993)

Fiscal year [time series]

8 July - 7 July

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP) [time series]

purchasing power parity - $24.8 billion (1995 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin (GDP - composition by sector) [time series]

agriculture: 57% industry: 10% services: 33% (1994 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita) [time series]

purchasing power parity - $430 (1995 est.)

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

7.7% (1995 est.)

Imports [time series]

total value: $1.15 billion (f.o.b., 1995 est.) commodities: food and live animals, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals (1995) partners : Saudi Arabia 13.3%, Italy 11.6%, US 10.2%, Germany 9.1%, Japan (1993)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

NA%

Industries [time series]

food processing, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metals processing, cement

Inflation rate (consumer prices) (Inflation rate - consumer price index) [time series]

10% (1995 est.)

Labor force [time series]

total: 18 million by occupation: agriculture and animal husbandry 80%, government and services 12%, industry and construction 8% (1985)

Unemployment rate [time series]

NA%

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 1,127,127 sq km land: 1,119,683 sq km water: 7,444 sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly less than twice the size of Texas

Climate [time series]

tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation

Coastline [time series]

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Denakil -125 m highest point: Ras Dashen Terara 4,620 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to : Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: Desertification, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban

Geographic coordinates [time series]

8 00 N, 38 00 E

Geography - note [time series]

landlocked - entire coastline along the Red Sea was lost with the de jure independence of Eritrea on 27 April 1993

Irrigated land [time series]

1,900 sq km (1993 est.)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 5,311 km border countries: Djibouti 337 km, Eritrea 912 km, Kenya 830 km, Somalia 1,626 km, Sudan 1,606 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 12% permanent crops : 1% permanent pastures: 40% forests and woodland: 25% other: 22% (1993 est.)

Location [time series]

Eastern Africa, west of Somalia

Map references [time series]

Africa

Maritime claims [time series]

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards [time series]

geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions; frequent droughts

Natural resources [time series]

small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash

Terrain [time series]

high plateau with central mountain range divided by Great Rift Valley

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

9 ethnically-based administrative regions (astedader akababiwach, singular - astedader akababi) and 1 federal capital*: Addis Ababa*; Afar; Amhara; Benshangul/Gumaz; Gambela; Harar; Oromia; Somali; Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples; Tigray

Constitution [time series]

new constitution promulgated in December 1994

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia conventional short form: Ethiopia local long form: YeItyop'iya Federalawi Demokrasiyawi Ripeblik local short form: YeItyop'iya abbreviation: FDRE

Data code [time series]

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador David H. SHINN (17 June 1996) embassy : Entoto Street, Addis Ababa mailing address: P. O. Box 1014, Addis Ababa telephone: [251] (1) 550666

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission : Ambassador BERHANE Gebre-Christos chancery: 2134 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 234-2281, 2282

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state : President NEGASSO Gidada (since 22 August 1995) head of government: Prime Minister MELES Zenawi (since NA August 1995) cabinet: Council of Ministers as provided in the December 1994 constitution; ministers are selected by the prime minister and approved by the Council of People's Representatives elections : president elected by the Council of People's Representatives for a six-year term; election last held June 1995 (next to be held NA 2001); prime minister designated by the party in power following legislative elections election results: NEGASSO Gidada elected president; percent of vote by the Council of People's Representatives - NA

Diplomatic representation in the US (FAX) [time series]

[1] (202) 328-7950

Diplomatic representation in the US (FAX) [time series]

[251] (1) 552191

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and red with a yellow pentagram and single yellow rays emanating from the angles between the points on a light blue disk centered on the three bands; Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa, and the colors of her flag were so often adopted by other African countries upon independence that they became known as the pan-African colors

Government type [time series]

federal republic

Independence [time series]

oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest in the world - at least 2,000 years

International organization participation [time series]

ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNU, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Court, judges are elected by the national legislature

Legal system [time series]

Legislative branch [time series]

bicameral Parliament consists of the Council of the Federation or upper chamber (117 seats; members are chosen by state assemblies to serve five-year terms) and the Council of People's Representatives or lower chamber (548 seats; members are directly elected by popular vote from single-member districts to serve five-year terms); note - the upper chamber represents the ethnic interests of the regional governments elections: regional and national popular elections were held in May and June 1995 (next to be held NA 2000) and the Federal Parliamentary Assembly assumed legislative power on 21 August 1995 election results: percent of vote - NA; seats - NA; note - EPRDF won nearly all seats

Capital (National capital) [time series]

Addis Ababa

National holiday [time series]

National Day, 28 May (1991) (defeat of Mengistu regime)

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front or EPRDF [MELES Zenawi]

Political parties (Political pressure groups and leaders) [time series]

Oromo Liberation Front or OLF; All Amhara People's Organization; Southern Ethiopia People's Democratic Coalition; numerous small, ethnic-based groups have formed since MENGISTU'S resignation, including several Islamic militant groups

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal

Military

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Ground Forces, Air Force, Police note: following the secession of Eritrea, Ethiopia's naval facilities remained in Eritrea's possession; current reorganization plans do not include a navy

Military expenditures - dollar figure [time series]

$110 million (1996)

Military expenditures (Military expenditures - percent of GDP) [time series]

NA%

Military manpower - availability [time series]

males age 15-49: 13,257,668 (1997 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service [time series]

males: 6,889,800 (1997 est.)

Military manpower - military age [time series]

18 years of age

Military manpower - reaching military age annually [time series]

males: 605,030 (1997 est.)

People

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years : 46% (male 13,492,323; female 13,444,656) 15-64 years: 51% (male 15,167,806; female 15,020,499) 65 years and over: 3% (male 745,554; female 861,739) (July 1997 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

45.59 births/1,000 population (1997 est.)

Death rate [time series]

17.56 deaths/1,000 population (1997 est.)

Ethnic groups [time series]

Oromo 40%, Amhara and Tigrean 32%, Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%, Somali 6%, Afar 4%, Gurage 2%, other 1%

Infant mortality rate [time series]

121.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1997 est.)

Languages [time series]

Amharic (official), Tigrinya, Orominga, Guaraginga, Somali, Arabic, English (major foreign language taught in schools)

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 46.62 years male : 45.48 years female: 47.8 years (1997 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 35.5% male: 45.5% female : 25.3% (1995 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Ethiopian(s) adjective: Ethiopian

Net migration rate [time series]

-1.32 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1997 est.) note: repatriation of Ethiopians who fled to Sudan, Kenya and Somalia for refuge from war and famine in earlier years, is expected to continue in 1997; entry into Ethiopia of Sudanese and Somalis fleeing the fighting in their own countries is also continuing in 1997

Population [time series]

58,732,577 (July 1997 est.)

Population growth rate [time series]

2.67% (1997 est.)

Religions [time series]

Muslim 45%-50%, Ethiopian Orthodox 35%-40%, animist 12%, other 3%-8%

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth : 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (1997 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

6.94 children born/woman (1997 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

most of the southern half of the boundary with Somalia is a Provisional Administrative Line; territorial dispute with Somalia over the Ogaden

Illicit drugs [time series]

transit hub for heroin originating in Southwest and Southeast Asia and destined for Europe and North America as well as cocaine destined for markets in southern Africa; cultivates qat (chat) for local use and regional export EUROPA ISLAND (possession of France)

Transportation

Airports [time series]

59 (1996 est.)

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total : 13 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m : 1 under 914 m: 6 (1996 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 46 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 8 914 to 1,523 m: 31 (1996 est.)

Roadways (Highways) [time series]

total: 28,360 km paved : 4,254 km unpaved: 24,106 km (1995 est.)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 60,081 GRT/84,686 DWT ships by type: cargo 7, oil tanker 2, roll-on/roll-off cargo 3 (1996 est.)

Ports (Ports and harbors) [time series]

none; Ethiopia is landlocked but by agreement with Eritrea may use the ports of Assab and Massawa

Railways [time series]

total: 681 km (Ethiopian segment of the Addis Ababa-Djibouti railroad) narrow gauge: 681 km 1.000-m gauge