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Communications

Airports [time series]

total: 27 useable: 22 with permanent-surface runways: 8 with runways over 3659: 0 with runways 2440-3659 m: 4 with runways 1220-2439 m: 5

Roadways (Highways) [time series]

21,168 km total (1991); 11,436 km paved, 8,146 km gravel, 1,586 km earth; note - highways now disrupted

Waterways (Inland waterways) [time series]

NA km

Pipelines [time series]

crude oil 174 km, natural gas 90 km (1992); note - pipelines now disrupted

Ports [time series]

coastal - none; inland - Bosanski Brod on the Sava River

Railways (Railroads) [time series]

NA km

Telecommunication systems (Telecommunications) [time series]

telephone and telegraph network is in need of modernization and expansion, many urban areas being below average compared with services in other former Yugoslav republics; 727,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 2 FM, 6 TV; 840,000 radios; 1,012,094 TVs; NA submarine coaxial cables; satellite ground stations - none

Defense Forces

Military and security forces (Branches) [time series]

Army

Military expenditures (Defense expenditures) [time series]

$NA, NA% of GDP

Manpower availability [time series]

males age 15-49 1,283,576; fit for military service 1,045,512; reach military age (19) annually 37,827 (1993 est.)

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture) [time series]

accounted for 9.0% of GDP in 1989; regularly produces less than 50% of food needs; the foothills of northern Bosnia support orchards, vineyards, livestock, and some wheat and corn; long winters and heavy precipitation leach soil fertility reducing agricultural output in the mountains; farms are mostly privately held, small, and not very productive

Budget [time series]

revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exchange rates (Currency) [time series]

Croatian dinar used in ethnic Croat areas, "Yugoslav" dinar used in all other areas

Economic aid [time series]

$NA

Electricity [time series]

3,800,000 kW capacity; 7,500 million kWh produced, 1,700 kWh per capita (1992)

Exchange rates [time series]

Exports [time series]

$2,054 million (1990) commodities: manufactured goods 31%, machinery and transport equipment 20.8%, raw materials 18%, miscellaneous manufactured articles 17.3%, chemicals 9.4%, fuel and lubricants 1.4%, food and live animals 1.2% partners: principally the other former Yugoslav republics

Debt - external (External debt) [time series]

$NA

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year

Illicit drugs [time series]

Imports [time series]

$1,891 million (1990) commodities: fuels and lubricants 32%, machinery and transport equipment 23.3%, other manufactures 21.3%, chemicals 10%, raw materials 6.7%, food and live animals 5.5%, beverages and tobacco 1.9% partners: principally the other former Yugoslav republics

Industrial production growth rate (Industrial production) [time series]

growth rate NA%, but production is sharply down because of interethnic and interrepublic warfare (1991-92)

Industries [time series]

steel production, mining (coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, and bauxite), manufacturing (vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, 40% of former Yugoslavia's armaments including tank and aircraft assembly, domestic appliances), oil refining

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

80% per month (1991)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (National product) [time series]

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $14 billion (1991 est.)

Real GDP per capita (National product per capita) [time series]

$3,200 (1991 est.)

Real GDP growth rate (National product real growth rate) [time series]

-37% (1991 est.)

Economic overview (Overview) [time series]

Bosnia and Herzegovina ranked next to Macedonia as the poorest republic in the old Yugoslav federation. Although agriculture has been almost all in private hands, farms have been small and inefficient, and the republic traditionally has been a net importer of food. Industry has been greatly overstaffed, one reflection of the rigidities of Communist central planning and management. Tito had pushed the development of military industries in the republic with the result that Bosnia hosted a large share of Yugoslavia's defense plants. As of March 1993, Bosnia and Herzegovina was being torn apart by the continued bitter interethnic warfare that has caused production to plummet, unemployment and inflation to soar, and human misery to multiply. No reliable economic statistics for 1992 are available, although output clearly fell below the already depressed 1991 level.

Unemployment rate [time series]

28% (February 1992 est.)

Geography

Area [time series]

total area: 51,233 km2 land area: 51,233 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than Tennessee

Climate [time series]

hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast

Coastline [time series]

20 km

Environment - current issues (Environment) [time series]

air pollution from metallurgical plants; water scarce; sites for disposing of urban waste are limited; subject to frequent and destructive earthquakes

Disputes - international (International disputes) [time series]

Serbia and Montenegro and Croatia seek to cantonize Bosnia and Herzegovina; Muslim majority being forced from many areas

Irrigated land [time series]

NA km2

Land boundaries [time series]

total 1,369 km, Croatia (northwest) 751 km, Croatia (south) 91 km, Serbia and Montenegro 527 km (312 km with Serbia; 215 km with Montenegro)

Land use [time series]

arable land: 20% permanent crops: 2% meadows and pastures: 25% forest and woodland: 36% other: 17%

Location [time series]

Southeastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula, between Croatia and Serbia and Montenegro

Map references [time series]

Africa, Arctic Region, Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Maritime claims [time series]

continental shelf: 200 m depth exclusive economic zone: 12 nm exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm territorial sea: 12 nm

Natural resources [time series]

coal, iron, bauxite, manganese, timber, wood products, copper, chromium, lead, zinc

Terrain [time series]

mountains and valleys

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

109 districts (opcine, singular - opcina) Banovici, Banja Luka, Bihac, Bijeljina, Bileca, Bosanska Dubica, Bosanska Graaiskia, Bosanska Krupa, Bosanski Brod, Bosanski Novi, Bosanski Petrovac, Bosanski Samac, Bosansko Grahovo, Bratunac, Brcko, Breza, Bugojno, Busovaca, Cazin, Cajilice, Capljina, Celinac, Citluk, Derventa, Duboj, Donji Vakuf, Foca, Fojnica, Gacko, Glamoc, Gorazde Gornji Vakuf, Gracanica, Gradacac, Grude, Han Pijesak Jablanica, Jajce, Kakanj, Kalesija, Kalinovik, Kiseljak, Kladanj, Kljuc, Konjic, Kotor Varos, Kresevo, Kupres, Laktasi, Listica, Livno, Lopare, Lukavac, Ljubinje, Ljubuski, Maglaj, Modrica, Mostar, Mrkonjic Grad, Neum, Nevesinje, Odzak, Olovo, Orasje, Posusje, Prijedor, Prnjavor, Prozor, (Pucarevo) Novi Travnik, Rogatica, Rudo, Sanski Most, Sarajevo-Centar, Sarajevo-Hadzici, Sarajevo-Ilidza, Sarajevo-Ilijas, Sarajevo-Novi Grad, Sarajevo-Novo, Sarajevo-Pale, Sarajevo-Stari Grad, Sarajevo-Trnovo, Sarajevo-Vogosca, Skender Vakuf, Sokolac, Srbac, Srebrenica, Srebrenik, Stoloc, Sekovici, Sipovo, Teslic, Tesanj, (Titov Drvar) Drvar, Duvno, Travnik, Trebinje, Tuzla, Ugljevik, Vare, Velika Kladusa, Visoko, Visegrad, Vitez Vlasenica, Zavidovici, Zenica, Zvornik, Zepce, Zivinice note: currently under negotiation with the assistance of international mediators

Capital [time series]

Sarajevo

Constitution [time series]

Digraph [time series]

Diplomatic representation in the US (Diplomatic representation in US) [time series]

chief of mission: NA chancery: NA telephone: NA

Executive branch (Elections) [time series]

Chamber of Municipalities: last held November-December 1990 (next to be held NA); seats - (110 total) SDA 43, SDS BiH 38, HDZ BiH 23, Party of Democratic Changes 4, DSS 1, SPO 1 Chamber of Citizens: last held NA 1990 (next to be held NA); seats - (130 total) SDA 43, SDS BiH 34, HDZ BiH 21, Party of Democratic Changes 15, SRSJ BiH 12, MBO 2, DSS 1, DSZ 1, LS 1

Executive branch [time series]

collective presidency, prime minister, deputy prime ministers, cabinet

Flag [time series]

white with a large blue shield; the shield contains white Roman crosses with a white diagonal band running from the upper hoist corner to the lower fly side

Independence [time series]

NA April 1992 (from Yugoslavia)

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Court, Constitutional Court

Executive branch (Leaders) [time series]

Chief of State: President Alija IZETBEGOVIC (since NA December 1990), other members of the collective presidency: Ejup GANIC (since NA), Miro LASIC (since NA December 1992), Mirko PEJANOVIC (since NA), Tatjana LJUJIC-MIJATOVIC (since NA December 1992), Fikret ABDIC Head of Government: Prime Minister Mile AKMADZIC (since NA October 1992); Deputy Prime Minister Zlatko LAGUMDZIJA (since NA); Deputy Prime Minister Miodrag SIMOVIC (since NA); Deputy Prime Minister Hadzo EFENDIC (since NA)

Legal system [time series]

based on civil law system

Legislative branch [time series]

bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or Chamber of Municipalities (Vijece Opeina) and a lower house or Chamber of Citizens (Vijece Gradanstvo)

International organization participation (Member of) [time series]

CEI, CSCE, ECE, UN, UNCTAD, WHO

Country name (Names) [time series]

conventional long form: Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina conventional short form: Bosnia and Herzegovina local long form: Republika Bosna i Hercegovina local short form: Bosna i Hercegovina

National holiday [time series]

Political parties (Other political or pressure groups) [time series]

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Party of Democratic Action (SDA), Mirsad CEMAN; Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina (HDZ BiH), Mate BOBAN; Serbian Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina (SDS BiH), Radovan KARADZIC, president; Muslim-Bosnian Organization (MBO), Adil ZULFIKARPASIC, president; Democratic Party of Socialists (DSS), Nijaz DURAKOVIC, president; Party of Democratic Changes, leader NA; Serbian Movement for Renewal (SPO), Milan TRIVUNCIC; Alliance of Reform Forces of Yugoslavia for Bosnia and Herzegovina (SRSJ BiH), Dr. Nenad KECMANOVIC, president; Democratic League of Greens (DSZ), Drazen PETROVIC; Liberal Party (LS), Rasim KADIC, president

Suffrage [time series]

16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal

Government type (Type) [time series]

emerging democracy

Diplomatic representation from the US (US diplomatic representation) [time series]

the US maintains full diplomatic relations with Bosnia and has not yet established an embassy in Serajevo

People

Birth rate [time series]

13.54 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate [time series]

6.38 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Ethnic groups (Ethnic divisions) [time series]

Muslim 44%, Serb 31%, Croat 17%, other 8%

Infant mortality rate [time series]

13.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Labor force [time series]

1,026,254 by occupation: agriculture 2%, industry, mining 45% (1991 est.)

Languages [time series]

Serbo-Croatian 99%

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 74.8 years male: 72.11 years female: 77.67 years (1993 est.)

Literacy [time series]

total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%

Nationality [time series]

noun: Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s) adjective: Bosnian, Herzegovinian

Net migration rate [time series]

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Population [time series]

4,618,804 (July 1993 est.) note: all data dealing with population is subject to considerable error because of the dislocations caused by military action and ethnic cleansing

Population growth rate [time series]

0.72% (1993 est.)

Religions [time series]

Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Catholic 15%, Protestant 4%, other 10%

Total fertility rate [time series]

1.62 children born/woman (1993 est.)