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Communications

Broadband - fixed subscriptions [time series]

total: 9,000 (2023 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: (2023 est.) less than 1

Broadcast media [time series]

1 state-owned TV station and 2 state-owned radio stations; most private broadcast media transmitters are connected to government radio signal towers; satellite TV subscription service available; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters obtainable (2019)

Internet country code [time series]

.ls

Internet users [time series]

percent of population: 48% (2023 est.)

Telephones - fixed lines [time series]

total subscriptions: 7,000 (2023 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: (2023 est.) less than 1

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

total subscriptions: 1.64 million (2024 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 70 (2024 est.)

Economy

Agricultural products [time series]

milk, potatoes, maize, vegetables, fruits, sorghum, wheat, game meat, beans, wool (2023) note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Budget [time series]

revenues: $1.13 billion (2022 est.) expenditures: $1.256 billion (2022 est.) note: central government revenues and expenses (excluding grants/extrabudgetary units/social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Current account balance [time series]

$84.393 million (2024 est.) -$151.577 million (2023 est.) -$268.876 million (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Debt - external [time series]

$928.019 million (2023 est.) note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

Economic overview [time series]

lower middle-income economy surrounded by South Africa; environmentally fragile and politically unstable; key infrastructure and renewable energy investments; dire poverty; urban job and income losses due to COVID-19; systemic corruption

Exchange rates [time series]

maloti (LSL) per US dollar - 18.329 (2024 est.) 18.45 (2023 est.) 16.356 (2022 est.) 14.779 (2021 est.) 16.459 (2020 est.)

Exports [time series]

$983.027 million (2024 est.) $885.789 million (2023 est.) $1.07 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

Exports - commodities [time series]

diamonds, garments, wool, power equipment, bedding (2023) note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Exports - partners [time series]

South Africa 31%, Belgium 26%, USA 20%, UAE 8%, India 8% (2023) note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

GDP (official exchange rate) [time series]

$2.272 billion (2024 est.) note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

GDP - composition, by end use [time series]

household consumption: 92.9% (2023 est.) government consumption: 35.6% (2023 est.) investment in fixed capital: 28.3% (2023 est.) investment in inventories: -1.1% (2023 est.) exports of goods and services: 42.9% (2023 est.) imports of goods and services: -98.6% (2023 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

GDP - composition, by sector of origin [time series]

agriculture: 6.5% (2024 est.) industry: 31% (2024 est.) services: 48% (2024 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income [time series]

44.9 (2017 est.) note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: 1.7% (2017 est.) highest 10%: 32.9% (2017 est.) note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Imports [time series]

$2.083 billion (2024 est.) $2.077 billion (2023 est.) $2.247 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

Imports - commodities [time series]

refined petroleum, fabric, trucks, garments, cotton fabric (2023) note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Imports - partners [time series]

South Africa 78%, China 10%, Taiwan 3%, Japan 1%, India 1% (2023) note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

2.6% (2024 est.) note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Industries [time series]

food, beverages, textiles, apparel assembly, handicrafts, construction, tourism

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

6.1% (2024 est.) 6.3% (2023 est.) 8.3% (2022 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Labor force [time series]

884,200 (2024 est.) note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Population below poverty line [time series]

49.7% (2017 est.) note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Public debt [time series]

3% of GDP (2020 est.) note: central government debt as a % of GDP

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) [time series]

$6.166 billion (2024 est.) $6 billion (2023 est.) $5.893 billion (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP growth rate [time series]

2.8% (2024 est.) 1.8% (2023 est.) 2.4% (2022 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP per capita [time series]

$2,600 (2024 est.) $2,600 (2023 est.) $2,600 (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

Remittances [time series]

22% of GDP (2024 est.) 22.9% of GDP (2023 est.) 22.6% of GDP (2022 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold [time series]

$1.008 billion (2024 est.) $854.089 million (2023 est.) $771.278 million (2022 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Taxes and other revenues [time series]

30.4% (of GDP) (2022 est.) note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Unemployment rate [time series]

16.2% (2024 est.) 16.5% (2023 est.) 16.7% (2022 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) [time series]

total: 24.2% (2024 est.) male: 17.7% (2024 est.) female: 36.2% (2024 est.) note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Energy

Coal [time series]

production: 57,000 metric tons (2023 est.) consumption: 81,000 metric tons (2023 est.) exports: 1 metric tons (2023 est.) imports: 24,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

Electricity [time series]

installed generating capacity: 104,000 kW (2023 est.) consumption: 833.009 million kWh (2023 est.) imports: 453.992 million kWh (2023 est.) transmission/distribution losses: 102.88 million kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity access [time series]

electrification - total population: 50% (2022 est.) electrification - urban areas: 83.6% electrification - rural areas: 37.7%

Electricity generation sources [time series]

fossil fuels: 0.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) solar: 0.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) hydroelectricity: 99.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Energy consumption per capita [time series]

8.117 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Petroleum [time series]

refined petroleum consumption: 7,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Environment

Carbon dioxide emissions [time series]

1.148 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from coal and metallurgical coke: 175,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from petroleum and other liquids: 973,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Climate [time series]

temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers

Environmental issues [time series]

overgrazing; severe soil erosion; soil exhaustion; desertification; Highlands Water Project controls, stores, and redirects water to South Africa

International environmental agreements [time series]

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Land use [time series]

agricultural land: 77.8% (2023 est.) arable land: 11.8% (2023 est.) permanent crops: 0.1% (2023 est.) permanent pasture: 65.9% (2023 est.) forest: 1.1% (2023 est.) other: 21.1% (2023 est.)

Particulate matter emissions [time series]

17.4 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Total renewable water resources [time series]

3.022 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal [time series]

municipal: 20 million cubic meters (2022 est.) industrial: 20 million cubic meters (2022 est.) agricultural: 3.8 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Urbanization [time series]

urban population: 30.4% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 2.77% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Waste and recycling [time series]

municipal solid waste generated annually: 73,500 tons (2024 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 11.9% (2022 est.)

Geography

Area [time series]

total : 30,355 sq km land: 30,355 sq km water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly smaller than Maryland

Climate [time series]

temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers

Coastline [time series]

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation [time series]

highest point: Thabana Ntlenyana 3,482 m lowest point: junction of the Orange and Makhaleng Rivers 1,400 m mean elevation: 2,161 m

Geographic coordinates [time series]

29 30 S, 28 30 E

Geography - note [time series]

landlocked, surrounded by South Africa; mountainous, more than 80% of the country is 1,800 m (5,900 ft) above sea level

Irrigated land [time series]

12 sq km (2013)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 1,106 km border countries (1): South Africa 1,106 km

Land use [time series]

agricultural land: 77.8% (2023 est.) arable land: 11.8% (2023 est.) permanent crops: 0.1% (2023 est.) permanent pasture: 65.9% (2023 est.) forest: 1.1% (2023 est.) other: 21.1% (2023 est.)

Location [time series]

Southern Africa, an enclave of South Africa

Major rivers (by length in km) [time series]

Orange river source (shared with South Africa and Namibia [m]) - 2,092 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km) [time series]

Atlantic Ocean drainage: Orange (941,351 sq km)

Map references [time series]

Africa

Maritime claims [time series]

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards [time series]

periodic droughts

Natural resources [time series]

water, agricultural and grazing land, diamonds, sand, clay, building stone

Population distribution [time series]

relatively higher population density in the western half of the nation, with the capital of Maseru and the smaller cities of Mafeteng, Teyateyaneng, and Leribe attracting the most people, as shown in this population distribution map

Terrain [time series]

mostly highland with plateaus, hills, and mountains

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

10 districts; Berea, Butha-Buthe, Leribe, Mafeteng, Maseru, Mohale's Hoek, Mokhotlong, Qacha's Nek, Quthing, Thaba-Tseka

Capital [time series]

name: Maseru geographic coordinates: 29 19 S, 27 29 E time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) etymology: the name means "[place of] red sandstones" in the Sesotho language

Citizenship [time series]

citizenship by birth: yes citizenship by descent only: yes dual citizenship recognized: no residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Constitution [time series]

history: previous 1959, 1967; latest adopted 2 April 1993 (effectively restoring the 1967 version) amendment process: proposed by Parliament; passage of amendments affecting constitutional provisions, including fundamental rights and freedoms, sovereignty of the kingdom, the office of the king, and powers of Parliament, requires a majority vote by the National Assembly, approval by the Senate, approval in a referendum by a majority of qualified voters, and assent of the king; passage of amendments other than those specified provisions requires at least a two-thirds majority vote in both houses of Parliament

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: Kingdom of Lesotho conventional short form: Lesotho local long form: Kingdom of Lesotho local short form: Lesotho former: Basutoland etymology: the name comes from the Sotho people, whose name means "dark-skinned;" Le - is a singular noun prefix; the former name, Basutoland, uses the plural noun prefix, Ba -

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charg d'Affaires Thomas HINES (since August 2024) embassy: 254 Kingsway Avenue, Maseru mailing address: 2340 Maseru Place, Washington DC 20521-2340 telephone: [266] 22312666 FAX: [266] 22310116 email address and website: USConsularMaseru@state.gov https://ls.usembassy.gov/

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Tumisang MOSOTHO (since 16 September 2022) chancery: 2511 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 797-5533 FAX: [1] (202) 234-6815 email address and website: lesothoembassy@verizon.net https://www.gov.ls/

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: King LETSIE III (since 7 February 1996) head of government: Prime Minister Ntsokoane Samuel MATEKANE (28 October 2022) cabinet: consists of the prime minister (appointed by the King on the advice of the Council of State), the deputy prime minister, and 18 other ministers; the prime minister is the leader of the majority party or majority coalition in the National Assembly election/appointment process: the monarchy is hereditary but has no executive or legislative powers under the constitution; under traditional law, the College of Chiefs has the power to depose the monarch, determine next in line of succession, or serve as regent in the event that a successor is not of mature age note: King LETSIE III previously occupied the throne from November 1990 to February 1995 while his father was in exile

Flag [time series]

description: three horizontal stripes of blue (top), white, and green; centered on the white stripe is a black mokorotlo , a traditional Basotho straw hat and national symbol meaning: blue stands for rain, white for peace, and green for prosperity history: the redesigned flag was introduced in 2006 to celebrate 40 years of independence

Government type [time series]

parliamentary constitutional monarchy

Independence [time series]

4 October 1966 (from the UK)

International law organization participation [time series]

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation [time series]

ACP, AfDB, AU, C, CD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch [time series]

highest court(s): Court of Appeal (consists of the court president, such number of justices of appeal as set by Parliament, and the Chief Justice and the puisne judges of the High Court ex officio); High Court (consists of the chief justice and such number of puisne judges as set by Parliament) judge selection and term of office: Court of Appeal president and High Court chief justice appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister; puisne judges appointed by the monarch on advice of the Judicial Service Commission, an independent body of judicial officers and officials designated by the monarch; judges of both courts can serve until age 75 subordinate courts: Magistrate Courts; customary or traditional courts; military courts note: both the Court of Appeal and the High Court have jurisdiction in constitutional issues

Legal system [time series]

mixed system of English common law and Roman-Dutch law; High Court and Court of Appeal review legislative acts

Legislative branch [time series]

legislature name: Parliament legislative structure: bicameral

Legislative branch - lower chamber [time series]

chamber name: National Assembly number of seats: 122 (all directly elected) electoral system: mixed system scope of elections: full renewal term in office: 5 years most recent election date: 11/2/2022 parties elected and seats per party: Revolution for Prosperity (RFP) (56); Democratic Congress (DC) (29); All Basotho Convention (ABC) (8); Basotho Action Party (BAP) (6); Other (20) percentage of women in chamber: 25% expected date of next election: October 2027

Legislative branch - upper chamber [time series]

chamber name: Senate number of seats: 33 (11 appointed) scope of elections: full renewal term in office: 5 years most recent election date: 10/7/2022 percentage of women in chamber: 21.2% expected date of next election: November 2027

National anthem(s) [time series]

title: "Lesotho fatse la bo ntat'a rona" (Lesotho, Land of Our Fathers) lyrics/music: Francois COILLARD/Ferdinand-Samuel LAUR history: adopted 1967; music derives from an 1823 Swiss songbook

National color(s) [time series]

blue, white, green, black

National heritage [time series]

total World Heritage Sites: 1 (mixed) selected World Heritage Site locales: Maloti-Drakensberg Park

National holiday [time series]

Independence Day, 4 October (1966)

National symbol(s) [time series]

mokorotio (Basotho hat)

Political parties [time series]

All Basotho Convention or ABC Alliance of Democrats or AD Basotho Action Party or BAP Basotho National Party or BNP Democratic Congress or DC Democratic Party of Lesotho or DPL Lesotho People's Congress or LPC Movement of Economic Change or MEC National Independent Party or NIP Popular Front for Democracy of PFD Reformed Congress of Lesotho or RCL

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal

Introduction

Background [time series]

Paramount chief MOSHOESHOE I consolidated what would become Basutoland in the early 19th century and made himself king in 1822. Continuing encroachments by Dutch settlers from the neighboring Orange Free State caused the king to enter into an 1868 agreement with the UK that made Basutoland first a British protectorate and, after 1884, a crown colony. After gaining independence in 1966, the country was renamed the Kingdom of Lesotho. The Basotho National Party ruled the country during its first two decades. King MOSHOESHOE II was exiled in 1990, returned to Lesotho in 1992, was reinstated in 1995, and was then succeeded by his son, King LETSIE III, in 1996. Constitutional government was restored in 1993 after seven years of military rule. In 1998, violent protests and a military mutiny following a contentious election prompted a brief but bloody intervention by South African and Batswana military forces under the aegis of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Subsequent constitutional reforms restored relative political stability. Peaceful parliamentary elections were held in 2002, but the National Assembly elections in 2007 were hotly contested, and aggrieved parties disputed how seats were awarded. In 2012, competitive elections saw Prime Minister Motsoahae Thomas THABANE form a coalition government -- the first in the country's history -- that ousted the 14-year incumbent, Pakalitha MOSISILI, who peacefully transferred power the following month. MOSISILI returned to power in snap elections in 2015 after the collapse of THABANE s coalition government and an alleged attempted military coup. In 2017, THABANE returned to become prime minister but stepped down in 2020 after being implicated in his estranged wife s murder. He was succeeded by Moseketsi MAJORO. In 2022, Ntsokoane Samuel MATEKANE was inaugurated as prime minister and head of a three-party coalition.

Military and Security

Military - note [time series]

the Lesotho Defense Force (LDF) is responsible for the maintenance of the country's sovereignty and the preservation of internal security; in practice, external security is guaranteed by South Africa; the LDF is a small force that began in 1964 as the Police Mobile Unit (PMU); the PMU was designated as the Lesotho Paramilitary Force in 1980 and became the Royal Lesotho Defense Force in 1986; it was renamed the Lesotho Defense Force in 1993 (2025)

Military and security forces [time series]

Lesotho Defense Force (LDF) (2025) note: the Lesotho Mounted Police Service is responsible for internal security and reports to the Minister of Local Government, Chieftainship, Home Affairs and Police

Military and security service personnel strengths [time series]

approximately 2,000 active Defense Forces (2025)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions [time series]

the LDF is lightly armed and has a small inventory of mostly older or secondhand equipment of European, South African, and US origin (2025)

Military expenditures [time series]

1.5% of GDP (2024 est.) 1.6% of GDP (2023 est.) 1.6% of GDP (2022 est.) 1.5% of GDP (2021 est.) 1.6% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military service age and obligation [time series]

20-30 years of age for voluntary military service for both men and women (2026)

People and Society

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 32% (male 358,137/female 353,618) 15-64 years: 62.7% (male 699,197/female 696,626) 65 years and over: 5.4% (2024 est.) (male 44,625/female 75,345)

Alcohol consumption per capita [time series]

total: 3.56 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) beer: 1.98 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) wine: 0.44 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) spirits: 0.31 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) other alcohols: 0.82 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

21.68 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Child marriage [time series]

women married by age 15: 1% (2018) women married by age 18: 16.4% (2018) men married by age 18: 1.9% (2018)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight [time series]

12.5% (2024 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49) [time series]

46.9% (2021 est.)

Death rate [time series]

10.2 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Dependency ratios [time series]

total dependency ratio: 56.8 (2025 est.) youth dependency ratio: 48.2 (2025 est.) elderly dependency ratio: 8.6 (2025 est.) potential support ratio: 11.6 (2025 est.)

Drinking water source [time series]

urban: 93% of population (2022 est.) rural: 65.9% of population (2022 est.) total: 74% of population (2022 est.) urban: 7% of population (2022 est.) rural: 34.1% of population (2022 est.) total: 26% of population (2022 est.)

Education expenditure [time series]

6.6% of GDP (2024 est.) 10.4% national budget (2024 est.)

Ethnic groups [time series]

Sotho 99.7%, other 0.3% (includes Kwena, Nguni (Hlubi and Phuthi), Zulu)

Gross reproduction rate [time series]

1.23 (2025 est.)

Health expenditure [time series]

10.2% of GDP (2021) 13.1% of national budget (2022 est.)

Infant mortality rate [time series]

total: 52.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.) male: 51 deaths/1,000 live births female: 40.2 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages [time series]

Sesotho (official), English (official), Phuthi, Xhosa, Zulu

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 60.2 years (2024 est.) male: 58.1 years female: 62.3 years

Literacy [time series]

total population: 90.4% (2024 est.) male: 83.2% (2024 est.) female: 96.6% (2024 est.)

Major urban areas - population [time series]

202,000 MASERU (capital) (2018)

Maternal mortality ratio [time series]

478 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Median age [time series]

total: 24 years (2025 est.) male: 23.4 years female: 24.3 years

Mother's mean age at first birth [time series]

20.9 years (2014 est.) note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49

Nationality [time series]

noun: Mosotho (singular), Basotho (plural) adjective: Basotho

Net migration rate [time series]

-4.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate [time series]

16.6% (2016)

Physician density [time series]

0.24 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

Population [time series]

total: 2,222,962 (2025 est.) male: 1,099,314 female: 1,123,648

Population distribution [time series]

Population growth rate [time series]

0.73% (2025 est.)

Religions [time series]

Protestant 47.8% (Pentecostal 23.1%, Lesotho Evangelical 17.3%, Anglican 7.4%), Roman Catholic 39.3%, other Christian 9.1%, non-Christian 1.4%, none 2.3% (2014 est.)

Sanitation facility access [time series]

urban: 93.6% of population (2022 est.) rural: 62.4% of population (2022 est.) total: 71.7% of population (2022 est.) urban: 6.4% of population (2022 est.) rural: 37.6% of population (2022 est.) total: 28.3% of population (2022 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) [time series]

total: 11 years (2017 est.) male: 11 years (2017 est.) female: 11 years (2017 est.)

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.59 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Tobacco use [time series]

total: 22.8% (2025 est.) male: 42.4% (2025 est.) female: 4.1% (2025 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

2.49 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Urbanization [time series]

urban population: 30.4% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 2.77% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Transnational Issues

Refugees and internally displaced persons [time series]

refugees: 610 (2024 est.)

Transportation

Airports [time series]

34 (2025)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix [time series]