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Communications

Broadcast media [time series]

privately owned Radio Jamaica Limited and its subsidiaries operate multiple TV stations, subscription cable services, and radio stations; 2 other privately owned television stations; roughly 70 radio stations (2007)

Internet country code [time series]

.jm

Internet users (Internet hosts) [time series]

3,906 (2012) country comparison to the world: 149

Internet users [time series]

1.581 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 80

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

general assessment: fully automatic domestic telephone network domestic: the 1999 agreement to open the market for telecommunications services resulted in rapid growth in mobile-cellular telephone usage while the number of fixed-lines in use has declined; combined mobile-cellular teledensity exceeded 110 per 100 persons in 2011 international: country code - 1-876; the Fibralink submarine cable network provides enhanced delivery of business and broadband traffic and is linked to the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1) submarine cable in the Dominican Republic; the link to ARCOS-1 provides seamless connectivity to US, parts of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America; the ALBA-1 fiber-optic submarine cable links Jamaica, Cuba, and Venezuela; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2010)

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones - main lines in use) [time series]

265,000 (2011) country comparison to the world: 123

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

2.665 million (2012) country comparison to the world: 135

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

sugarcane, bananas, coffee, citrus, yams, ackees, vegetables; poultry, goats, milk; shellfish

Budget [time series]

revenues: $3.884 billion expenditures: $4.499 billion (2012 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) [time series]

-4.2% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 151

Central bank discount rate [time series]

2% (31 December 2010 est.) NA% (31 December 2009 est.)

Commercial bank prime lending rate [time series]

17.63% (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 17 19.51% (31 December 2011 est.)

Current account balance [time series]

$-1.905 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 139 $-2.063 billion (2011 est.)

Debt - external [time series]

$14.09 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 87 $14.35 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income (Distribution of family income - Gini index) [time series]

45.5 (2004) country comparison to the world: 38 37.9 (2000)

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

The Jamaican economy is heavily dependent on services, which accounted for more than 60% of GDP at the end of 2011. The country continues to derive most of its foreign exchange from tourism, remittances, and bauxite/alumina. Remittances account for nearly 15% of GDP and exports of bauxite and alumina make up roughly 5%. The bauxite/alumina sector was most affected by the global downturn while the tourism industry was resilient. Tourism revenues account for roughly 5% of GDP in 2011. Jamaica's economy faces many challenges to growth: high crime and corruption, large-scale unemployment and underemployment, and a debt-to-GDP ratio of nearly 130%. Jamaica's onerous public debt burden is the result of government bailouts to ailing sectors of the economy, most notably to the financial sector. In early 2010, the Jamaican Government created the Jamaica Debt Exchange in order to retire high-priced domestic bonds and significantly reduce annual debt servicing. Despite the improvement, debt servicing costs still hinder the government''s ability to spend on infrastructure and social programs, particularly as job losses rise in a shrinking economy. Jamaica was hard hit by the effects of the global economic crisis, experiencing economic contractions from 2008-10 and growth remains low. The SIMPSON-MILLER administration faces the difficult prospect of having to achieve fiscal discipline in order to maintain debt payments, while simultaneously attacking a serious crime problem that is hampering economic growth. High unemployment exacerbates the crime problem, including gang violence that is fueled by the drug trade. As of late 2012, the SIMPSON-MILLER government was working to negotiate a new IMF Stand-by agreement to gain access to additional funds.

Exchange rates [time series]

Jamaican dollars (JMD) per US dollar - 88.75 (2012 est.) 85.89 (2011 est.) 87.2 (2010 est.) 87.89 (2009) 72.24 (2008)

Exports [time series]

$1.747 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 142 $1.666 billion (2011 est.)

Exports - commodities [time series]

alumina, bauxite, sugar, rum, coffee, yams, beverages, chemicals, wearing apparel, mineral fuels

Exports - partners [time series]

US 48%, Canada 7.2%, Slovenia 4.2%, Netherlands 4.1%, UAE 4.1% (2012)

Fiscal year [time series]

1 April - 31 March

GDP (official exchange rate) [time series]

$14.64 billion (2012 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP (purchasing power parity)) [time series]

$24.69 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 123 $24.81 billion (2011 est.) $24.46 billion (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - composition, by end use [time series]

household consumption: 86.2% government consumption: 15.9% investment in fixed capital: 21% investment in inventories: 0.5% exports of goods and services: 33.7% imports of goods and services: -57.2% (2012 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin [time series]

agriculture: 6.6% industry: 29% services: 64.4% (2012 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita (PPP)) [time series]

$8,900 (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 124 $9,000 (2011 est.) $8,900 (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

-0.5% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 189 1.4% (2011 est.) -1.4% (2010 est.)

Gross national saving [time series]

8.7% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 133 7% of GDP (2011 est.) 13.1% of GDP (2010 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: 2.1% highest 10%: 35.8% (2004)

Imports [time series]

$5.905 billion (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 123 $5.881 billion (2011 est.)

Imports - commodities [time series]

food and other consumer goods, industrial supplies, fuel, parts and accessories of capital goods, machinery and transport equipment, construction materials

Imports - partners [time series]

US 36.1%, Venezuela 15.6%, Trinidad and Tobago 10.8%, China 4.8%, Mexico 4% (2012)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

-2.7% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 162

Industries [time series]

tourism, bauxite/alumina, agro-processing, light manufactures, rum, cement, metal, paper, chemical products, telecommunications

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

6.9% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 177 7.5% (2011 est.)

Labor force [time series]

1.26 million (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 139

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture: 17% industry: 19% services: 64% (2006)

Market value of publicly traded shares [time series]

$7.223 billion (31 December 2011) country comparison to the world: 79 $6.626 billion (31 December 2010) $6.201 billion (31 December 2009)

Population below poverty line [time series]

16.5% (2009 est.)

Public debt [time series]

132.9% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 5 131.5% of GDP (2011 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold [time series]

$1.981 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 122 $2.282 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of broad money [time series]

$7.309 billion (31 December 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 116 $7.012 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

Stock of domestic credit [time series]

$7.351 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 105 $7.131 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of narrow money [time series]

$1.723 billion (31 December 2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 129 $1.962 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Taxes and other revenues [time series]

26.5% of GDP (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 114

Unemployment rate [time series]

13.7% (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 137 12.7% (2011 est.)

Energy

Carbon dioxide emissions (Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy) [time series]

9.557 million Mt (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 101

Crude oil - exports [time series]

0 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 134

Crude oil - imports [time series]

22,940 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 66

Crude oil - production [time series]

2,120 bbl/day (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 105

Crude oil - proved reserves [time series]

0 bbl (1 January 2013 es) country comparison to the world: 146

Electricity - consumption [time series]

3.066 billion kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 131

Electricity - exports [time series]

0 kWh (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 213

Electricity - from fossil fuels [time series]

94.8% of total installed capacity (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 68

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants [time series]

2.1% of total installed capacity (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 134

Electricity - from nuclear fuels [time series]

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 113

Electricity - from other renewable sources [time series]

3% of total installed capacity (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 59

Electricity - imports [time series]

0 kWh (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 203

Electricity - installed generating capacity [time series]

1.175 million kW (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 120

Electricity - production [time series]

3.957 billion kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 123

Natural gas - consumption [time series]

0 cu m (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 157

Natural gas - exports [time series]

0 cu m (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 124

Natural gas - imports [time series]

0 cu m (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 210

Natural gas - production [time series]

0 cu m (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 146

Natural gas - proved reserves [time series]

0 cu m (1 January 2013 es) country comparison to the world: 152

Refined petroleum products - consumption [time series]

78,520 bbl/day (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 88

Refined petroleum products - exports [time series]

0 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 185

Refined petroleum products - imports [time series]

32,920 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 88

Refined petroleum products - production [time series]

23,120 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 90

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 10,991 sq km country comparison to the world: 168 land: 10,831 sq km water: 160 sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly smaller than Connecticut

Climate [time series]

tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior

Coastline [time series]

1,022 km

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m highest point: Blue Mountain Peak 2,256 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

heavy rates of deforestation; coastal waters polluted by industrial waste, sewage, and oil spills; damage to coral reefs; air pollution in Kingston from vehicle emissions

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Total water withdrawal (Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)) [time series]

total: 0.93 cu km/yr (32%/16%/52%) per capita: 369.9 cu m/yr (2009)

Geographic coordinates [time series]

18 15 N, 77 30 W

Geography - note [time series]

strategic location between Cayman Trench and Jamaica Channel, the main sea lanes for the Panama Canal

Irrigated land [time series]

252.2 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries [time series]

0 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 10.92% permanent crops: 9.1% other: 79.98% (2011)

Location [time series]

Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, south of Cuba

Map references [time series]

Central America and the Caribbean

Maritime claims [time series]

measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to edge of the continental margin

Natural hazards [time series]

hurricanes (especially July to November)

Natural resources [time series]

bauxite, gypsum, limestone

Terrain [time series]

mostly mountains, with narrow, discontinuous coastal plain

Total renewable water resources [time series]

9.4 cu km (2011)

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

14 parishes; Clarendon, Hanover, Kingston, Manchester, Portland, Saint Andrew, Saint Ann, Saint Catherine, Saint Elizabeth, Saint James, Saint Mary, Saint Thomas, Trelawny, Westmoreland note: for local government purposes, Kingston and Saint Andrew were amalgamated in 1923 into the present single corporate body known as the Kingston and Saint Andrew Corporation

Capital [time series]

name: Kingston geographic coordinates: 18 00 N, 76 48 W time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution [time series]

several previous (preindependence); latest drafted 1961-62, submitted to British Parliament 24 July 1962, entered into force 6 August 1962 (at independence); amended many times, last in 2011 (2011)

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: none conventional short form: Jamaica

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Pamela E. BRIDGEWATER (since 1 December 2010) embassy: 142 Old Hope Road, Kingston 6 mailing address: P.O. Box 541, Kingston 5 telephone: [1] (876) 702-6000 FAX: [1] (876) 702-6001

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Stephen C. VASCIANNIE (since 20 July 2012) chancery: 1520 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 452-0660 FAX: [1] (202) 452-0081 consulate(s) general: Miami, New York

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Dr. Patrick L. ALLEN (since 26 February 2009) head of government: Prime Minister Portia SIMPSON-MILLER (since 5 January 2012) cabinet: Cabinet is appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website) elections: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition in the House of Representatives is appointed prime minister by the governor general

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles - green (top and bottom) and black (hoist side and outer side); green represents hope, vegetation, and agriculture, black reflects hardships overcome and to be faced, and yellow recalls golden sunshine and the island's natural resources

Government type [time series]

constitutional parliamentary democracy and a Commonwealth realm

Independence [time series]

6 August 1962 (from the UK)

International law organization participation [time series]

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

International organization participation [time series]

ACP, AOSIS, C, Caricom, CDB, CELAC, FAO, G-15, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Petrocaribe, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch [time series]

highest court(s): Court of Appeal (consists of president of the court and a minimum of 4 judges; Supreme Court (40 judges organized in specialized divisions) note - appeals beyond Jamicia's highest courts are submitted to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) rather than to the Caribbean Court of Justice (the appellate court implemented for member states of the Caribbean Community) judge selection and term of office: chief justice of the Supreme Court and president of the Court of Appeal appointed by the governor-general on the advice of the prime minister; other judges of both courts appointed by the governor-general on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission; judges of both courts serve till age 70 subordinate courts: resident magistrate courts, district courts, and petty sessions courts

Legal system [time series]

common law system based on the English model

Legislative branch [time series]

bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (a 21-member body appointed by the governor general on the recommendations of the prime minister and the leader of the opposition; ruling party is allocated 13 seats, and the opposition is allocated 8 seats) and the House of Representatives (63 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held on 29 December 2011 (next to be held no later than December 2016) election results: percent of vote by party - PNP 53.3%, JLP 46.6%; seats by party - PNP 41, JLP 22

National anthem(s) (National anthem) [time series]

name: "Jamaica, Land We Love"

National holiday [time series]

Independence Day, 6 August (1962)

National symbol(s) [time series]

green-and-black streamertail (bird)

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Jamaica Labor Party or JLP [Andrew HOLNESS] People's National Party or PNP [Portia SIMPSON-MILLER] National Democratic Movement or NDM [Michael WILLIAMS]

Political parties (Political pressure groups and leaders) [time series]

New Beginnings Movement or NBM Rastafarians (black religious/racial cultists, pan-Africanists)

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal

Introduction

Background [time series]

The island - discovered by Christopher COLUMBUS in 1494 - was settled by the Spanish early in the 16th century. The native Taino, who had inhabited Jamaica for centuries, were gradually exterminated and replaced by African slaves. England seized the island in 1655 and established a plantation economy based on sugar, cocoa, and coffee. The abolition of slavery in 1834 freed a quarter million slaves, many of whom became small farmers. Jamaica gradually increased its independence from Britain. In 1958 it joined other British Caribbean colonies in forming the Federation of the West Indies. Jamaica gained full independence when it withdrew from the Federation in 1962. Deteriorating economic conditions during the 1970s led to recurrent violence as rival gangs affiliated with the major political parties evolved into powerful organized crime networks involved in international drug smuggling and money laundering. Violent crime, drug trafficking, and poverty pose significant challenges to the government today. Nonetheless, many rural and resort areas remain relatively safe and contribute substantially to the economy.

Military

Manpower available for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 726,263 females age 16-49: 742,958 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 590,673 females age 16-49: 596,414 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually [time series]

male: 33,369 female: 32,702 (2010 est.)

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Jamaica Defense Force: Ground Forces, Coast Guard, Air Wing (2010)

Military expenditures [time series]

0.9% of GDP (2012) country comparison to the world: 130

Military service age and obligation [time series]

17 1/2 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)

People and Society

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 29% (male 428,643/female 414,348) 15-24 years: 21.8% (male 318,132/female 315,945) 25-54 years: 36% (male 514,172/female 532,094) 55-64 years: 5.5% (male 78,510/female 82,565) 65 years and over: 7.7% (male 100,820/female 124,485) (2013 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

18.65 births/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 103

Child labor - children ages 5-14 [time series]

total number: 38,516 percentage: 6 % (2005 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight [time series]

1.9% (2007) country comparison to the world: 118

Contraceptive prevalence rate [time series]

69% (2002/03)

Death rate [time series]

6.63 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 148

Dependency ratios [time series]

total dependency ratio: 54 % youth dependency ratio: 41.8 % elderly dependency ratio: 12.2 % potential support ratio: 8.2 (2013)

Drinking water source [time series]

improved: urban: 98% of population rural: 88% of population total: 93% of population unimproved: urban: 2% of population rural: 12% of population total: 7% of population (2010 est.)

Education expenditure (Education expenditures) [time series]

6.4% of GDP (2010) country comparison to the world: 31

Ethnic groups [time series]

black 91.2%, mixed 6.2%, other or unknown 2.6% (2001 census)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate [time series]

1.7% (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 33

HIV/AIDS - deaths [time series]

1,200 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 63

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS [time series]

32,000 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 68

Health expenditure (Health expenditures) [time series]

5.2% of GDP (2010) country comparison to the world: 139

Hospital bed density [time series]

1.8 beds/1,000 population (2010)

Infant mortality rate [time series]

total: 13.98 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 119 male: 14.55 deaths/1,000 live births female: 13.38 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

Languages [time series]

English, English patois

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 73.44 years country comparison to the world: 122 male: 71.81 years female: 75.15 years (2013 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school total population: 87% male: 82.1% female: 91.8% (2011 est.)

Major urban areas - population [time series]

KINGSTON (capital) 580,000 (2009)

Maternal mortality ratio (Maternal mortality rate) [time series]

110 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) country comparison to the world: 69

Median age [time series]

total: 24.6 years male: 24.1 years female: 25.2 years (2013 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth [time series]

21.2 note: Median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2008 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Jamaican(s) adjective: Jamaican

Net migration rate [time series]

-4.99 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 191

Obesity - adult prevalence rate [time series]

24.1% (2008) country comparison to the world: 67

Physician density (Physicians density) [time series]

0.41 physicians/1,000 population (2008)

Population [time series]

2,909,714 (July 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 140

Population growth rate [time series]

0.7% (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 142

Religions [time series]

Protestant 62.5% (Seventh-Day Adventist 10.8%, Pentecostal 9.5%, Other Church of God 8.3%, Baptist 7.2%, New Testament Church of God 6.3%, Church of God in Jamaica 4.8%, Church of God of Prophecy 4.3%, Anglican 3.6%, other Christian 7.7%), Roman Catholic 2.6%, other or unspecified 14.2%, none 20.9% (2001 census)

Sanitation facility access [time series]

improved: urban: 78% of population rural: 82% of population total: 80% of population unimproved: urban: 22% of population rural: 18% of population total: 20% of population (2010 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) [time series]

total: 12.9 years (2010)

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 0.96 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

2.09 children born/woman (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 114

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) (Unemployment, youth ages 15-24) [time series]

total: 30.1% country comparison to the world: 24 male: 23.9% female: 37.9% (2011)

Urbanization [time series]

urban population: 52% of total population (2010) rate of urbanization: 0.6% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

none

Illicit drugs [time series]

transshipment point for cocaine from South America to North America and Europe; illicit cultivation and consumption of cannabis; government has an active manual cannabis eradication program; corruption is a major concern; substantial money-laundering activity; Colombian narcotics traffickers favor Jamaica for illicit financial transactions

Transportation

Airports [time series]

28 (2013) country comparison to the world: 123

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 11 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 5 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 17 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 16 (2013)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 14 country comparison to the world: 102 by type: bulk carrier 4, cargo 5, container 4, roll on/roll off 1 foreign-owned: 14 (Denmark 1, Germany 10, Greece 3) (2010)

Ports (Ports and terminals) [time series]

Discovery Bay (Port Rhoades), Kingston, Montego Bay, Port Antonio, Port Esquivel, Port Kaiser, Rocky Point

Roadways [time series]

total: 22,121 km (includes 44 km of expressways) country comparison to the world: 103 paved: 16,148 km unpaved: 5,973 km (2011)