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Communications

Broadcast media [time series]

state-run broadcast media; Bahrain Radio and Television Corporation (BRTC) operates 5 terrestrial TV networks; satellite TV systems provide access to international broadcasts; state-run BRTC broadcasts over several radio stations; 1 private FM station directs broadcasts to Indian listeners; radio and TV broadcasts from countries in the region are available (2007)

Internet country code [time series]

.bh

Internet users (Internet hosts) [time series]

53,944 (2010) country comparison to the world: 86

Internet users [time series]

419,500 (2009) country comparison to the world: 122

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

general assessment: modern system domestic: modern fiber-optic integrated services; digital network with rapidly growing use of mobile-cellular telephones international: country code - 973; landing point for the Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) submarine cable network that provides links to Asia, Middle East, Europe, and US; tropospheric scatter to Qatar and UAE; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; satellite earth station - 1 (2007)

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones - main lines in use) [time series]

228,000 (2010) country comparison to the world: 124

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

1.567 million (2010) country comparison to the world: 143

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

fruit, vegetables; poultry, dairy products; shrimp, fish

Budget [time series]

revenues: $5.786 billion expenditures: $7.009 billion (2010 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) [time series]

-5.4% of GDP (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 152

Central bank discount rate [time series]

0.5% (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 135 0.5% (31 December 2009 est.)

Commercial bank prime lending rate [time series]

7.25% (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 129 7.9% (31 December 2009 est.)

Current account balance [time series]

$239.5 million (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 58 $559.9 million (2009 est.)

Debt - external [time series]

$14.58 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 81 $10.55 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

Bahrain is one of the most diversified economies in the Persian Gulf. Highly developed communication and transport facilities make Bahrain home to numerous multinational firms with business in the Gulf. As part of its diversification plans, Bahrain implemented a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the US in August 2006, the first FTA between the US and a Gulf state. Bahrain's economy, however, continues to depend heavily on oil. Petroleum production and refining account for more than 60% of Bahrain's export receipts, 70% of government revenues, and 11% of GDP (exclusive of allied industries). Other major economic activities are production of aluminum - Bahrain's second biggest export after oil - finance, and construction. Bahrain competes with Malaysia as a worldwide center for Islamic banking and continues to seek new natural gas supplies as feedstock to support its expanding petrochemical and aluminum industries. Unemployment, especially among the young, is a long-term economic problem Bahrain struggles to address. In 2009, to help lower unemployment among Bahraini nationals, Bahrain reduced sponsorship for expatriate workers, increasing the costs of employing foreign labor. The global financial crisis caused funding for many non-oil projects to dry up and resulted in slower economic growth for Bahrain. Other challenges facing Bahrain include the slow growth of government debt as a result of a large subsidy program, the financing of large government projects, and debt restructuring, such as the bailout of state-owned Gulf Air.

Electricity - consumption [time series]

10.48 billion kWh (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 86

Electricity - exports [time series]

0 kWh (2009 est.)

Electricity - imports [time series]

0 kWh (2009 est.)

Electricity - production [time series]

11.22 billion kWh (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 88

Exchange rates [time series]

Bahraini dinars (BHD) per US dollar - 0.376 (2010) 0.376 (2009) 0.376 (2008) 0.376 (2007) 0.376 (2006)

Exports [time series]

$13.83 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 77 $12.05 billion (2009 est.)

Exports - commodities [time series]

petroleum and petroleum products, aluminum, textiles

Exports - partners [time series]

Saudi Arabia 2.9%, Japan 2%, UAE 1.9%, India 1.9% (2010)

GDP (official exchange rate) [time series]

$22.66 billion (2010 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP (purchasing power parity)) [time series]

$29.71 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 109 $28.55 billion (2009 est.) $27.69 billion (2008 est.) note: data are in 2010 US dollars

GDP - composition, by sector of origin (GDP - composition by sector) [time series]

agriculture: 0.5% industry: 58% services: 41.5% (2010 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita (PPP)) [time series]

$40,300 (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 20 $39,200 (2009 est.) $38,500 (2008 est.) note: data are in 2010 US dollars

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

4.1% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 95 3.1% (2009 est.) 6.3% (2008 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Imports [time series]

$11.19 billion (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 87 $9.613 billion (2009 est.)

Imports - commodities [time series]

crude oil, machinery, chemicals

Imports - partners [time series]

Saudi Arabia 24.7%, US 12.2%, China 7.8%, Brazil 6%, Japan 5.8%, France 5% (2010)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

1.5% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 142

Industries [time series]

petroleum processing and refining, aluminum smelting, iron pelletization, fertilizers, Islamic and offshore banking, insurance, ship repairing, tourism

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

2% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 63 2.8% (2009 est.)

Investment (gross fixed) [time series]

23.9% of GDP (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 69

Labor force [time series]

654,900 country comparison to the world: 151 note: 44% of the population in the 15-64 age group is non-national (2010 est.)

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture: 1% industry: 79% services: 20% (1997 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares [time series]

$20.43 billion (31 December 2010) country comparison to the world: 62 $16.93 billion (31 December 2009) $21.18 billion (31 December 2008)

Natural gas - consumption [time series]

12.58 billion cu m (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 41

Natural gas - exports [time series]

0 cu m (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 54

Natural gas - imports [time series]

0 cu m (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 82

Natural gas - production [time series]

12.58 billion cu m (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 36

Natural gas - proved reserves [time series]

92.03 billion cu m (1 January 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 55

Oil - consumption [time series]

47,000 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 101

Oil - exports [time series]

239,900 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 50

Oil - imports [time series]

213,000 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 46

Oil - production [time series]

46,430 bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 64

Oil - proved reserves [time series]

124.6 million bbl (1 January 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 66

Population below poverty line [time series]

NA%

Public debt [time series]

60.1% of GDP (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 34 42.4% of GDP (2009 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold [time series]

$4.789 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 86 $3.54 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of broad money [time series]

$20.92 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 82 $18.93 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad [time series]

$7.883 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 52 $7.549 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home [time series]

$15.15 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 74 $15 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of domestic credit [time series]

$17.26 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 85 $16.34 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of narrow money [time series]

$6.127 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 85 $5.74 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Taxes and other revenues [time series]

25.5% of GDP (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 123

Unemployment rate [time series]

15% (2005 est.) country comparison to the world: 147

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 760 sq km country comparison to the world: 188 land: 760 sq km water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

3.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Climate [time series]

arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers

Coastline [time series]

161 km

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m highest point: Jabal ad Dukhan 122 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

desertification resulting from the degradation of limited arable land, periods of drought, and dust storms; coastal degradation (damage to coastlines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation) resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers, oil refineries, and distribution stations; lack of freshwater resources (groundwater and seawater are the only sources for all water needs)

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Total water withdrawal (Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)) [time series]

total: 0.3 cu km/yr (40%/3%/57%) per capita: 411 cu m/yr (2000)

Geographic coordinates [time series]

26 00 N, 50 33 E

Geography - note [time series]

close to primary Middle Eastern petroleum sources; strategic location in Persian Gulf, through which much of the Western world's petroleum must transit to reach open ocean

Irrigated land [time series]

40 sq km (2008)

Land boundaries [time series]

0 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 2.82% permanent crops: 5.63% other: 91.55% (2005)

Location [time series]

Middle East, archipelago in the Persian Gulf, east of Saudi Arabia

Map references [time series]

Middle East

Maritime claims [time series]

territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: extending to boundaries to be determined

Natural hazards [time series]

periodic droughts; dust storms

Natural resources [time series]

oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas, fish, pearls

Terrain [time series]

mostly low desert plain rising gently to low central escarpment

Total renewable water resources [time series]

0.1 cu km (1997)

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

5 governorates; Asamah, Janubiyah, Muharraq, Shamaliyah, Wasat note: each governorate administered by an appointed governor

Capital [time series]

name: Manama geographic coordinates: 26 14 N, 50 34 E time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution [time series]

adopted 14 February 2002

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: Kingdom of Bahrain conventional short form: Bahrain local long form: Mamlakat al Bahrayn local short form: Al Bahrayn former: Dilmun, State of Bahrain

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas C. KRAJESKI embassy: Building #979, Road 3119 (next to Al-Ahli Sports Club), Block 331, Zinj District, Manama mailing address: PSC 451, Box 660, FPO AE 09834-5100; international mail: American Embassy, Box 26431, Manama telephone: [973] 1724-2700 FAX: [973] 1727-0547

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Huda Azra Ibrahim NUNU chancery: 3502 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 342-1111 FAX: [1] (202) 362-2192 consulate(s) general: New York

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: King HAMAD bin Isa Al-Khalifa (since 6 March 1999); Heir Apparent Crown Prince SALMAN bin Hamad Al-Khalifa (son of the monarch, born 21 October 1969) head of government: Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman Al-Khalifa (since 1971); Deputy Prime Ministers ALI bin Khalifa bin Salman Al-Khalifa, MUHAMMAD bin Mubarak Al-Khalifa, Jawad bin Salim al-ARAIDH cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website) elections: the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the monarch

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

red, the traditional color for flags of Persian Gulf states, with a white serrated band (five white points) on the hoist side; the five points represent the five pillars of Islam note: until 2002 the flag had eight white points, but this was reduced to five to avoid confusion with the Qatari flag

Government type [time series]

constitutional monarchy

Independence [time series]

15 August 1971 (from the UK)

International law organization participation [time series]

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

International organization participation [time series]

ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CICA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch [time series]

High Civil Appeals Court

Legal system [time series]

mixed legal system of Islamic law and English common law

Legislative branch [time series]

bicameral legislature consists of the Consultative Council (40 members appointed by the King) and the Council of Representatives or Chamber of Deputies (40 seats; members directly elected to serve four-year terms) elections: Council of Representatives - last held in two rounds on 23 and 30 October 2010 (next election to be held in 2014) election results: Council of Representatives - percent of vote by society - NA; seats by society - Wifaq (Shia) 18, Asala (Sunni Salafi) 3, Minbar (Sunni Muslim Brotherhood) 2, independents 17

National anthem(s) (National anthem) [time series]

name: "Bahrainona" (Our Bahrain) lyrics/music: unknown note: adopted 1971; although Mohamed Sudqi AYYASH wrote the original lyrics, they were changed in 2002 following the transformation of Bahrain from an emirate to a kingdom

National holiday [time series]

National Day, 16 December (1971); note - 15 August 1971 was the date of independence from the UK, 16 December 1971 was the date of independence from British protection

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

political parties prohibited but political societies were legalized per a July 2005 law

Political parties (Political pressure groups and leaders) [time series]

Shia activists; Sunni Islamist legislators other: several small leftist and other groups are active

Suffrage [time series]

20 years of age; universal; note - Bahraini Cabinet in May 2011 endorsed a draft law lowering eligibility to 18 years

Introduction

Background [time series]

In 1783, the Sunni Al-Khalifa family captured Bahrain from the Persians. In order to secure these holdings, it entered into a series of treaties with the UK during the 19th century that made Bahrain a British protectorate. The archipelago attained its independence in 1971. Facing declining oil reserves, Bahrain has turned to petroleum processing and refining and has transformed itself into an international banking center. Bahrain's small size and central location among Persian Gulf countries require it to play a delicate balancing act in foreign affairs among its larger neighbors. In addition, the Sunni-led government has struggled to manage relations with its approximately 70% Shia-majority population. During the mid-to-late 1990s, Shia activists mounted a low-intensity uprising to demand that the Sunni-led government stop systemic economic, social, and political discrimination against Shia Bahrainis. King HAMAD bin Isa Al-Khalifa, after succeeding his late father in 1999, pushed economic and political reforms in part to improve relations with the Shia community. After boycotting the country's first round of democratic elections under the newly-promulgated constitution in 2002, Shia political societies participated in 2006 and 2010 in legislative and municipal elections and Wifaq, the largest Shia political society, won the largest bloc of seats in the elected lower-house of the legislature both times. Nevertheless, Shia discontent persisted, often manifesting itself in street demonstrations and occasional low-level violence. In early 2011, Bahrain's fractious opposition sought to ride a rising tide of popular Arab protests to petition for the redress of popular grievances. In mid-February, a vanguard of hardline activists - who reject the legitimacy of the Al Khalifa regime and have sometimes instigated low-level violence - organized demonstrations in Shia neighborhoods demanding a new constitution, release of hundreds of Shia prisoners, and an end to discriminations in all sectors of society. Cycles of protestor deaths, funerals, and clashes with security forces ensued, escalating domestic tensions. The government's offers of modest political and economic concessions went nowhere as did the king's "national dialogue" with the opposition. In mid-March 2011, with the backing of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) capitals - especially Riyadh and Abu Dhabi - King HAMAD put an end to the mass public gatherings and increasingly disruptive demonstrations by declaring a state of emergency and authorizing the military to take all measures to "protect the safety of the country and its citizens." Manama also welcomed a contingent of mostly Saudi and Emirati forces as part of a GCC deployment intended to help Bahraini security forces maintain order. By mid-April security forces had largely relegated demonstrations to outlying Shia neighborhoods and villages, and negotiations between the government and opposition reached a stalemate. Manama exacted retribution against opposition groups and their supporters through mass firings, arrests, and sectarian incitement. In March, the Gulf Cooperation Council pledged $20 billion in financial aid to Bahrain and Oman over a 10-year period to assist the two nations in their struggle with Arab protests. In June, in an effort to salvage Bahrain's image and economy, King HAMAD lifted the state of emergency, offered to renew talks with opposition leaders, and formed an independent commission of experts from the legal community to investigate abuses during the February and March protests. The government held a byelection in September 2011 to fill 18 seats that were vacated earlier in the year when Wifaq withdrew from the National Assembly.

Military

Manpower available for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 508,863 females age 16-49: 290,801 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 423,757 females age 16-49: 245,302 (2010 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually [time series]

male: 8,988 female: 8,117 (2010 est.)

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Bahrain Defense Forces (BDF): Ground Force, Royal Bahraini Navy (RBN), Royal Bahraini Air Force (RBAF), Royal Bahraini Air Defense Force (RBADF) (2011)

Military expenditures [time series]

4.5% of GDP (2006) country comparison to the world: 20

Military service age and obligation [time series]

17 years of age for voluntary military service; 15 years of age for NCOs, technicians, and cadets; no conscription (2010)

People and Society

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 20.5% (male 126,313/female 122,359) 15-64 years: 77% (male 595,244/female 339,635) 65 years and over: 2.6% (male 14,791/female 16,363) (2011 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

14.64 births/1,000 population (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 136

Death rate [time series]

2.61 deaths/1,000 population (July 2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 220

Education expenditure (Education expenditures) [time series]

2.9% of GDP (2008) country comparison to the world: 135

Ethnic groups [time series]

Bahraini 62.4%, non-Bahraini 37.6% (2001 census)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate [time series]

0.2% (2001 est.) country comparison to the world: 95

HIV/AIDS - deaths [time series]

fewer than 200 (2003 est.) country comparison to the world: 107

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS [time series]

fewer than 600 (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 148

Health expenditure (Health expenditures) [time series]

4.5% of GDP (2009) country comparison to the world: 149

Hospital bed density [time series]

1.9 beds/1,000 population (2008) country comparison to the world: 105

Infant mortality rate [time series]

total: 10.43 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 146 male: 11.68 deaths/1,000 live births female: 9.14 deaths/1,000 live births (2011 est.)

Languages [time series]

Arabic (official), English, Farsi, Urdu

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 78.15 years country comparison to the world: 52 male: 76.03 years female: 80.33 years (2011 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 86.5% male: 88.6% female: 83.6% (2001 census)

Major urban areas - population (Major cities - population) [time series]

MANAMA (capital) 163,000 (2009)

Maternal mortality ratio (Maternal mortality rate) [time series]

19 deaths/100,000 live births (2008) country comparison to the world: 127

Median age [time series]

total: 30.9 years male: 32.2 years female: 28.1 years (2011 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Bahraini(s) adjective: Bahraini

Net migration rate [time series]

16.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 4

Physician density (Physicians density) [time series]

1.442 physicians/1,000 population (2008) country comparison to the world: 83

Population [time series]

1,214,705 country comparison to the world: 157 note: includes 235,108 non-nationals (July 2011 est.)

Population growth rate [time series]

2.814% (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 15

Religions [time series]

Muslim (Shia and Sunni) 81.2%, Christian 9%, other 9.8% (2001 census)

Sanitation facility access [time series]

improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population (2008)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) [time series]

total: 14 years male: 13 years female: 14 years (2006)

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.028 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.33 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 1.13 male(s)/female total population: 1.24 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

1.88 children born/woman (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 143

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) (Unemployment, youth ages 15-24) [time series]

total: 20.1% country comparison to the world: 55 male: 17.2% female: 27% (2001)

Urbanization [time series]

urban population: 89% of total population (2010) rate of urbanization: 1.8% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

none

Transportation

Airports [time series]

4 (2010) country comparison to the world: 184

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 4 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2010)

Heliports [time series]

1 (2010)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 7 country comparison to the world: 125 by type: bulk carrier 2, container 4, petroleum tanker 1 foreign-owned: 5 (Kuwait 5) registered in other countries: 6 (Honduras 5, Saint Kitts and Nevis 1) (2010)

Pipelines [time series]

gas 20 km; oil 29 km (2010)

Ports (Ports and terminals) [time series]

Mina' Salman, Sitrah

Roadways [time series]

total: 3,851 km country comparison to the world: 158 paved: 3,121 km unpaved: 730 km (2007)