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Communications

Internet country code [time series]

.ve

Internet users (Internet hosts) [time series]

155,139 (2009) country comparison to the world: 68

Internet users [time series]

7.167 million (2008) country comparison to the world: 35

Broadcast media (Radio broadcast stations) [time series]

AM 201, FM unknown, but at least 25 in Caracas, shortwave 11 (1998)

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

general assessment: modern and expanding domestic: domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations; recent substantial improvement in telephone service in rural areas; substantial increase in digitalization of exchanges and trunk lines; installation of a national interurban fiber-optic network capable of digital multimedia services; combined fixed and mobile-cellular telephone subscribership 125 per 100 persons international: country code - 58; submarine cable systems provide connectivity to the Caribbean, Central and South America, and US; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 PanAmSat; participating with Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia in the construction of an international fiber-optic network (2007)

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones - main lines in use) [time series]

6.304 million (2008) country comparison to the world: 28

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

27.084 million (2008) country comparison to the world: 32

Broadcast media (Television broadcast stations) [time series]

66 (plus 45 repeaters) (1997)

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

corn, sorghum, sugarcane, rice, bananas, vegetables, coffee; beef, pork, milk, eggs; fish

Budget [time series]

revenues: $94.14 billion expenditures: $97.69 billion (2008 est.)

Central bank discount rate [time series]

33.5% (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 2 28.5% (31 December 2007)

Commercial bank prime lending rate [time series]

22.37% (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 29 17.11% (31 December 2007)

Current account balance [time series]

$39.21 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 12 $20 billion (2007 est.)

Debt - external [time series]

$47.03 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 54 $43.33 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income (Distribution of family income - Gini index) [time series]

48.2 (2003) country comparison to the world: 29 49.5 (1998)

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

Venezuela remains highly dependent on oil revenues, which account for roughly 90% of export earnings, about 50% of the federal budget revenues, and around 30% of GDP. A nationwide strike between December 2002 and February 2003 had far-reaching economic consequences - real GDP declined by around 9% in 2002 and 8% in 2003 - but economic output since then has recovered strongly. Fueled by high oil prices, record government spending helped to boost GDP by about 10% in 2006, 8% in 2007, and nearly 5% in 2008. This spending, combined with recent minimum wage hikes and improved access to domestic credit, has created a consumption boom but has come at the cost of higher inflation - roughly 20% in 2007 and more than 30% in 2008. Imports also have jumped significantly. Declining oil prices in the latter part of 2008 are expected to undermine the govenment's ability to continue the high rate of spending. President Hugo CHAVEZ in 2008 continued efforts to increase the government's contol of the economy by nationalizing firms in the cement and steel sectors. In 2007, he nationalized firms in the petroleum, communications, and electricity sectors. In July 2008, CHAVEZ implemented by decree a number of laws that further consolidate and centralize authority over the economy through his plan for "21st Century Socialism."

Electricity - consumption [time series]

83.02 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 34

Electricity - exports [time series]

540 million kWh (2007 est.)

Electricity - imports [time series]

1.651 billion kWh (2007 est.)

Electricity - production [time series]

113.3 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 29

Exchange rates [time series]

bolivars (VEB) per US dollar - 2.147 (2008 est.), 2,147 (2007), 2,147 (2006), 2,089.8 (2005), 1,891.3 (2004) note: on 1 January 2008 Venezuela revalued its currency with 1000 old bolivares equal to 1 new bolivar

Exports [time series]

$93.54 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 39 $69.17 billion (2007 est.)

Exports - commodities [time series]

petroleum, bauxite and aluminum, steel, chemicals, agricultural products, basic manufactures

Exports - partners [time series]

US 40.7%, Netherlands Antilles 7.8%, China 4.7% (2008)

GDP (official exchange rate) [time series]

$319.4 billion (2008 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP (purchasing power parity)) [time series]

$356.3 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 32 $340 billion (2007 est.) $314.2 billion (2006 est.) note: data are in 2008 US dollars

GDP - composition, by sector of origin (GDP - composition by sector) [time series]

agriculture: 3.8% industry: 37.6% services: 58.6% (2008 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita (PPP)) [time series]

$13,500 (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 84 $13,100 (2007 est.) $12,300 (2006 est.) note: data are in 2008 US dollars

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

4.8% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 93 8.2% (2007 est.) 9.9% (2006 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: 1.7% highest 10%: 32.7% (2006)

Imports [time series]

$48.1 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 51 $45.46 billion (2007 est.)

Imports - commodities [time series]

raw materials, machinery and equipment, transport equipment, construction materials

Imports - partners [time series]

US 26.3%, Colombia 12.7%, Brazil 10.3%, China 7%, Mexico 4.8% (2008)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

2.5% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 92

Industries [time series]

petroleum, construction materials, food processing, textiles; iron ore mining, steel, aluminum; motor vehicle assembly

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

30.4% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 219 18.7% (2007 est.)

Investment (gross fixed) [time series]

19.7% of GDP (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 113

Labor force [time series]

12.59 million (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 42

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture: 13% industry: 23% services: 64% (1997 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares [time series]

$NA (31 December 2008) $NA (31 December 2007) $8.251 billion (31 December 2006)

Natural gas - consumption [time series]

25.51 billion cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 31

Natural gas - exports [time series]

0 cu m (2008) country comparison to the world: 93

Natural gas - imports [time series]

1.5 billion cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 49

Natural gas - production [time series]

24.01 billion cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 28

Natural gas - proved reserves [time series]

4.84 trillion cu m (1 January 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 8

Oil - consumption [time series]

760,000 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 24

Oil - exports [time series]

2.182 million bbl/day (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 10

Oil - imports [time series]

0 bbl/day (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 208

Oil - production [time series]

2.643 million bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 10

Oil - proved reserves [time series]

99.38 billion bbl (1 January 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 6

Population below poverty line [time series]

37.9% (end 2005 est.)

Public debt [time series]

13.8% of GDP (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 108 43.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold [time series]

$42.3 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 32 $33.48 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad [time series]

$16.62 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 40 $13.81 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home [time series]

$41.38 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 54 $43.96 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Stock of domestic credit [time series]

$62.42 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 44 $50.24 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of narrow money (Stock of money) [time series]

$79.91 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 16 $63.18 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of narrow money (Stock of quasi money) [time series]

$10.93 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 49 $8.889 billion (31 December 2007)

Unemployment rate [time series]

7.4% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 95 8.5% (2007 est.)

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 912,050 sq km country comparison to the world: 33 land: 882,050 sq km water: 30,000 sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly more than twice the size of California

Climate [time series]

tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Coastline [time series]

2,800 km

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m highest point: Pico Bolivar (La Columna) 5,007 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

sewage pollution of Lago de Valencia; oil and urban pollution of Lago de Maracaibo; deforestation; soil degradation; urban and industrial pollution, especially along the Caribbean coast; threat to the rainforest ecosystem from irresponsible mining operations

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed but not ratified:: none of the selected agreements

Total water withdrawal (Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)) [time series]

total: 8.37 cu km/yr (6%/7%/47%) per capita: 313 cu m/yr (2000)

Geographic coordinates [time series]

8 00 N, 66 00 W

Geography - note [time series]

on major sea and air routes linking North and South America; Angel Falls in the Guiana Highlands is the world's highest waterfall

Irrigated land [time series]

5,750 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 4,993 km border countries: Brazil 2,200 km, Colombia 2,050 km, Guyana 743 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 2.85% permanent crops: 0.88% other: 96.27% (2005)

Location [time series]

Northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, between Colombia and Guyana

Map references [time series]

South America

Maritime claims [time series]

territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 15 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Natural hazards [time series]

subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodic droughts

Natural resources [time series]

petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, other minerals, hydropower, diamonds

Terrain [time series]

Andes Mountains and Maracaibo Lowlands in northwest; central plains (llanos); Guiana Highlands in southeast

Total renewable water resources [time series]

1,233.2 cu km (2000)

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

23 states (estados, singular - estado), 1 capital district* (distrito capital), and 1 federal dependency** (dependencia federal); Amazonas, Anzoategui, Apure, Aragua, Barinas, Bolivar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Dependencias Federales**, Distrito Federal*, Falcon, Guarico, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Tachira, Trujillo, Vargas, Yaracuy, Zulia note: the federal dependency consists of 11 federally controlled island groups with a total of 72 individual islands

Capital [time series]

name: Caracas geographic coordinates: 10 30 N, 66 56 W time difference: UTC-4.5 (half an hour ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution [time series]

30 December 1999

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela conventional short form: Venezuela local long form: Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela local short form: Venezuela

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Patrick DUDDY embassy: Calle F con Calle Suapure, Urbanizacion Colinas de Valle Arriba, Caracas 1080 mailing address: P. O. Box 62291, Caracas 1060-A; APO AA 34037 telephone: [58] (212) 975-6411, 907-8400 (after hours) FAX: [58] (212) 907-8199

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Bernardo ALVAREZ Herrera chancery: 1099 30th Street NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: [1] (202) 342-2214 FAX: [1] (202) 342-6820 consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico)

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President Hugo CHAVEZ Frias (since 3 February 1999); Executive Vice President Ramon Alonzo CARRIZALEZ Rengifo (since 4 January 2008); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Hugo CHAVEZ Frias (since 3 February 1999); Executive Vice President Ramon Alonzo CARRIZALEZ Rengifo (since 4 January 2008) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 3 December 2006 (next to be held in December 2012) note: in 1999, a National Constituent Assembly drafted a new constitution that increased the presidential term to six years; an election was subsequently held on 30 July 2000 under the terms of this constitution election results: Hugo CHAVEZ Frias reelected president; percent of vote - Hugo CHAVEZ Frias 62.9%, Manuel ROSALES 36.9%

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and red with the coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and an arc of eight white five-pointed stars centered in the blue band

Government type [time series]

federal republic

Independence [time series]

5 July 1811 (from Spain)

International organization participation [time series]

Caricom (observer), CDB, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAES, LAIA, LAS (observer), Mercosur (associate), MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, RG, UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Tribunal of Justice or Tribuna Suprema de Justicia (magistrates are elected by the National Assembly for a single 12-year term)

Legal system [time series]

open, adversarial court system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral National Assembly or Asamblea Nacional (167 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms; three seats reserved for the indigenous peoples of Venezuela) elections: last held 4 December 2005 (next to be held in 2010) election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - pro-government 167 (MVR 114, PODEMOS 15, PPT 11, indigenous 2, other 25), opposition 0; total seats by party as of 1 January 2008 - pro-government 152 (PSUV 114, PPT 11, indigenous 2, other 25), PODEMOS 15

National holiday [time series]

Independence Day, 5 July (1811)

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

A New Time or UNT [Manuel ROSALES]; Christian Democrats or COPEI [Cesar PEREZ Vivas]; Communist Party of Venezuela or PCV [Jeronimo CARRERA]; Democratic Action or AD [Henry RAMOS Allup]; Fatherland for All or PPT [Jose ALBORNOZ]; Justice First [Julio BORGES]; Movement Toward Socialism or MAS [Hector MUJICA]; United Socialist Party of Venezuela or PSUV [Hugo CHAVEZ]; Venezuela Project or PV [Henrique SALAS Romer]; We Can or PODEMOS [Ismael GARCIA]

Political parties (Political pressure groups and leaders) [time series]

FEDECAMARAS, a conservative business group; VECINOS groups; Venezuelan Confederation of Workers or CTV (labor organization dominated by the Democratic Action)

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal

Introduction

Background [time series]

Venezuela was one of three countries that emerged from the collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others being Ecuador and New Granada, which became Colombia). For most of the first half of the 20th century, Venezuela was ruled by generally benevolent military strongmen, who promoted the oil industry and allowed for some social reforms. Democratically elected governments have held sway since 1959. Hugo CHAVEZ, president since 1999, seeks to implement his "21st Century Socialism," which purports to alleviate social ills while at the same time attacking globalization and undermining regional stability. Current concerns include: a weakening of democratic institutions, political polarization, a politicized military, drug-related violence along the Colombian border, increasing internal drug consumption, overdependence on the petroleum industry with its price fluctuations, and irresponsible mining operations that are endangering the rain forest and indigenous peoples.

Military

Manpower available for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 6,647,124 females age 16-49: 6,801,133 (2008 est.)

Manpower fit for military service [time series]

males age 16-49: 5,391,582 females age 16-49: 5,873,563 (2009 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually [time series]

male: 276,051 female: 274,162 (2009 est.)

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

National Bolivarian Armed Forces (Fuerza Armada Nacional Bolivariana, FANB): National Bolivarian Army (Ejercito Nacional Bolivariano, ENB), Bolivarian National Navy (Fuerza Armada Nacional Bolivariana (FANB); includes Naval Infantry, Coast Guard, Naval Aviation), Bolivarian National Military Aviation (Aviacion Militar Nacional Bolivariana, AMNB), Bolivarian National Guard (Guardia Nacional Bolivaria, GNB) (2009)

Military expenditures [time series]

1.2% of GDP (2005 est.) country comparison to the world: 130

Military service age and obligation [time series]

18-30 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; 30-month conscript service obligation; all citizens 18-50 years old are obligated to register for military service (2008)

People

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 30.5% (male 4,157,194/female 4,022,595) 15-64 years: 64.3% (male 8,480,872/female 8,754,620) 65 years and over: 5.2% (male 620,657/female 778,905) (2009 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

20.61 births/1,000 population (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 95

Death rate [time series]

5.12 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 184

Education expenditure (Education expenditures) [time series]

3.7% of GDP (2006) country comparison to the world: 124

Ethnic groups [time series]

Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African, indigenous people

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate [time series]

0.7%; note - no country specific models provided (2001 est.) country comparison to the world: 63

HIV/AIDS - deaths [time series]

4,100 (2003 est.) country comparison to the world: 49

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS [time series]

110,000 (1999 est.) country comparison to the world: 45

Infant mortality rate [time series]

total: 21.54 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 100 male: 25.1 deaths/1,000 live births female: 17.81 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Languages [time series]

Spanish (official), numerous indigenous dialects

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 73.61 years country comparison to the world: 103 male: 70.54 years female: 76.83 years (2009 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 93% male: 93.3% female: 92.7% (2001 census)

Major infectious diseases [time series]

degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea vectorborne disease: dengue fever and malaria (2009)

Median age [time series]

total: 25.5 years male: 24.8 years female: 26.2 years (2009 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Venezuelan(s) adjective: Venezuelan

Net migration rate [time series]

-0.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 108

Population [time series]

26,814,843 (July 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 45

Population growth rate [time series]

1.508% (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 86

Religions [time series]

nominally Roman Catholic 96%, Protestant 2%, other 2%

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) [time series]

total: 12 years male: 11 years female: 12 years (2003)

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2009 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

2.48 children born/woman (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 98

Urbanization [time series]

urban population: 93% of total population (2008) rate of urbanization: 2% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

claims all of the area west of the Essequibo River in Guyana, preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana has expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims before the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) that Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with Venezuela extends into their waters; dispute with Colombia over maritime boundary and Venezuelan-administered Los Monjes islands near the Gulf of Venezuela; Colombian-organized illegal narcotics and paramilitary activities penetrate Venezuela's shared border region; in 2006, an estimated 139,000 Colombians sought protection in 150 communities along the border in Venezuela; US, France, and the Netherlands recognize Venezuela's granting full effect to Aves Island, thereby claiming a Venezuelan EEZ/continental shelf extending over a large portion of the eastern Caribbean Sea; Dominica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines protest Venezuela's full effect claim

Illicit drugs [time series]

small-scale illicit producer of opium and coca for the processing of opiates and coca derivatives; however, large quantities of cocaine, heroin, and marijuana transit the country from Colombia bound for US and Europe; significant narcotics-related money-laundering activity, especially along the border with Colombia and on Margarita Island; active eradication program primarily targeting opium; increasing signs of drug-related activities by Colombian insurgents on border

Trafficking in persons [time series]

current situation: Venezuela is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children trafficked for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor; Venezuelan women and girls are trafficked within the country for sexual exploitation, lured from the nation's interior to urban and tourist areas; child prostitution in urban areas and child sex tourism in resort destinations appear to be growing; Venezuelan women and girls are trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation to Western Europe, Mexico, and Caribbean destinations tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Venezuela is placed on the Tier 2 Watch List, up from Tier 3, as it showed greater resolve to address trafficking through law enforcement measures and prevention efforts in 2007, although stringent punishment of offenders and victim assistance remain lacking (2008)

Transportation

Airports [time series]

406 (2009) country comparison to the world: 20

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 131 over 3,047 m: 6 2,438 to 3,047 m: 8 1,524 to 2,437 m: 35 914 to 1,523 m: 63 under 914 m: 19 (2009)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 275 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 16 914 to 1,523 m: 103 under 914 m: 155 (2009)

Heliports [time series]

4 (2009)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 62 country comparison to the world: 65 by type: bulk carrier 9, cargo 16, chemical tanker 3, liquefied gas 5, passenger/cargo 10, petroleum tanker 17, refrigerated cargo 2 foreign-owned: 12 (Chile 1, Denmark 1, Greece 3, Mexico 5, Panama 1, Spain 1) registered in other countries: 12 (Bahamas 1, Panama 10, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1) (2008)

Pipelines [time series]

extra heavy crude 980 km; gas 5,036 km; oil 6,695 km; refined products 1,484 km; unknown 141 km (2008)

Ports (Ports and terminals) [time series]

La Guaira, Maracaibo, Puerto Cabello, Punta Cardon

Railways [time series]

total: 806 km country comparison to the world: 101 standard gauge: 806 km 1.435-m gauge (2008)

Roadways [time series]

total: 96,155 km country comparison to the world: 47 paved: 32,308 km unpaved: 63,847 km (2002)

Transportation - note [time series]

the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the Caribbean Sea as a significant risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; numerous vessels, including commercial shipping and pleasure craft, have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; crews have been robbed and stores or cargoes stolen

Waterways [time series]

7,100 km country comparison to the world: 21 note: Orinoco River (400 km) and Lake de Maracaibo navigable by oceangoing vessels (2008)