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Communications

Internet users (Internet Service Providers (ISPs)) [time series]

100 (2002)

Internet country code [time series]

.ir

Internet users [time series]

1.326 million (2002 est.)

Broadcast media (Radio broadcast stations) [time series]

AM 72, FM 5, shortwave 5 (1998)

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

general assessment: inadequate but currently being modernized and expanded with the goal of not only improving the efficiency and increasing the volume of the urban service but also bringing telephone service to several thousand villages, not presently connected domestic: as a result of heavy investing in the telephone system since 1994, the number of long-distance channels in the microwave radio relay trunk has grown substantially; many villages have been brought into the net; the number of main lines in the urban systems has approximately doubled; and thousands of mobile cellular subscribers are being served; moreover, the technical level of the system has been raised by the installation of thousands of digital switches international: HF radio and microwave radio relay to Turkey, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Syria, Kuwait, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan; submarine fiber-optic cable to UAE with access to Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG); Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line runs from Azerbaijan through the northern portion of Iran to Turkmenistan with expansion to Georgia and Azerbaijan; satellite earth stations - 9 Intelsat and 4 Inmarsat

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones - main lines in use) [time series]

6.313 million (1997)

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

265,000 (August 1998)

Broadcast media (Television broadcast stations) [time series]

28 (plus 450 low-power repeaters) (1997)

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

wheat, rice, other grains, sugar beets, fruits, nuts, cotton; dairy products, wool; caviar

Budget [time series]

revenues: $29.5 billion expenditures: $31.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2002 est.)

Exchange rates (Currency) [time series]

Iranian rial (IRR)

Exchange rates (Currency code) [time series]

IRR

Debt - external [time series]

$8.7 billion (2002 est.)

Economic aid (Economic aid - recipient) [time series]

$408 million (2002 est.)

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

Iran's economy is a mixture of central planning, state ownership of oil and other large enterprises, village agriculture, and small-scale private trading and service ventures. President KHATAMI has continued to follow the market reform plans of former President RAFSANJANI and has indicated that he will pursue diversification of Iran's oil-reliant economy although he has made little progress toward that goal. Relatively high oil prices in recent years have enabled Iran to amass some $15 billion in foreign exchange reserves, but have not solved Iran's structural economic problems, including high unemployment and inflation.

Electricity - consumption [time series]

115.9 billion kWh (2001)

Electricity - exports [time series]

0 kWh (2001)

Electricity - imports [time series]

0 kWh (2001)

Electricity - production [time series]

124.6 billion kWh (2001)

Electricity - production by source [time series]

fossil fuel: 97.1% hydro: 2.9% other: 0% (2001) nuclear: 0%

Exchange rates [time series]

rials per US dollar 6,906.96 (2002), 1,753.56 (2001), 1,764.43 (2000), 1,752.93 (1999), 1,751.86 (1998) note: from 1997 to 2001, Iran had a multi-exchange-rate system; one of these rates, the official floating exchange rate, by which most essential goods were imported, averaged 1,750 rials per US dollar; in March 2002, the multi-exchange-rate system was converged into one rate at about 7,900 rials per US dollar

Exports [time series]

$24.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Exports - commodities [time series]

petroleum 85%, carpets, fruits and nuts, iron and steel, chemicals

Exports - partners [time series]

Japan 17.4%, China 8.6%, UAE 7.6%, Italy 6.6%, South Korea 4.9%, South Africa 4.4% (2002)

Fiscal year [time series]

21 March - 20 March

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP) [time series]

purchasing power parity - $458.3 billion (2002 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin (GDP - composition by sector) [time series]

agriculture: 19% industry: 26% services: 55% (2002 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita) [time series]

purchasing power parity - $6,800 (2002 est.)

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

7.6% (2002 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Imports [time series]

$21.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Imports - commodities [time series]

industrial raw materials and intermediate goods, capital goods, foodstuffs and other consumer goods, technical services, military supplies

Imports - partners [time series]

Germany 10.9%, Italy 9%, France 7.9%, China 7.4%, South Korea 6.5%, UAE 4.4%, Japan 4.1%, Russia 4% (2002)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

5.5% excluding oil (2001 est.)

Industries [time series]

petroleum, petrochemicals, textiles, cement and other construction materials, food processing (particularly sugar refining and vegetable oil production), metal fabricating, armaments

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

15.3% (2002 est.)

Labor force [time series]

21 million note: shortage of skilled labor (1998)

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture 30%, industry 25%, services 45% (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption [time series]

65.59 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports [time series]

110 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports [time series]

4.2 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - production [time series]

61.5 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves [time series]

24.8 trillion cu m (37257)

Oil - consumption [time series]

1.277 million bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports [time series]

NA (2001)

Oil - imports [time series]

NA (2001)

Oil - production [time series]

3.804 million bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - proved reserves [time series]

94.39 billion bbl (37257)

Population below poverty line [time series]

40% (2002 est.)

Unemployment rate [time series]

16.3% (2003 est.)

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 1.648 million sq km land: 1.636 million sq km water: 12,000 sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly larger than Alaska

Climate [time series]

mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast

Coastline [time series]

2,440 km; note - Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km)

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m highest point: Kuh-e Damavand 5,671 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

air pollution, especially in urban areas, from vehicle emissions, refinery operations, and industrial effluents; deforestation; overgrazing; desertification; oil pollution in the Persian Gulf; wetland losses from drought; soil degradation (salination); inadequate supplies of potable water; water pollution from raw sewage and industrial waste; urbanization

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation

Geographic coordinates [time series]

32 00 N, 53 00 E

Geography - note [time series]

strategic location on the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz, which are vital maritime pathways for crude oil transport

Irrigated land [time series]

75,620 sq km (1998 est.)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 5,440 km border countries: Afghanistan 936 km, Armenia 35 km, Azerbaijan-proper 432 km, Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave 179 km, Iraq 1,458 km, Pakistan 909 km, Turkey 499 km, Turkmenistan 992 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 10.17% permanent crops: 1.16% other: 88.67% (1998 est.)

Location [time series]

Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf, and the Caspian Sea, between Iraq and Pakistan

Map references [time series]

Middle East

Maritime claims [time series]

contiguous zone: 24 NM territorial sea: 12 NM continental shelf: natural prolongation exclusive economic zone: bilateral agreements or median lines in the Persian Gulf

Natural hazards [time series]

periodic droughts, floods; dust storms, sandstorms; earthquakes along western border and in the northeast

Natural resources [time series]

petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese, zinc, sulfur

Terrain [time series]

rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with deserts, mountains; small, discontinuous plains along both coasts

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

28 provinces (ostanha, singular - ostan); Ardabil, Azarbayjan-e Gharbi, Azarbayjan-e Sharqi, Bushehr, Chahar Mahall va Bakhtiari, Esfahan, Fars, Gilan, Golestan, Hamadan, Hormozgan, Ilam, Kerman, Kermanshah, Khorasan, Khuzestan, Kohkiluyeh va Buyer Ahmad, Kordestan, Lorestan, Markazi, Mazandaran, Qazvin, Qom, Semnan, Sistan va Baluchestan, Tehran, Yazd, Zanjan

Capital [time series]

Tehran

Constitution [time series]

2-3 December 1979; revised 1989 to expand powers of the presidency and eliminate the prime ministership

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Iran conventional short form: Iran local short form: Iran former: Persia local long form: Jomhuri-ye Eslami-ye Iran

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

none; note - protecting power in Iran is Switzerland

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

none; note - Iran has an Interests Section in the Pakistani Embassy; address: Iranian Interests Section, Pakistani Embassy, 2209 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007; telephone: [1] (202) 965-4990

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Hoseini-KHAMENEI (since 4 June 1989) elections: leader of the Islamic Revolution appointed for life by the Assembly of Experts; president elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 8 June 2001 (next to be held June 2005) election results: (Ali) Mohammad KHATAMI-Ardakani reelected president; percent of vote - (Ali) Mohammad KHATAMI-Ardakani 77% cabinet: Council of Ministers selected by the president with legislative approval; the Supreme Leader has some control over appointments to the more sensitive ministries head of government: President (Ali) Mohammad KHATAMI-Ardakani (since 3 August 1997); First Vice President Dr. Mohammad Reza AREF-YAZDI (since 26 August 2001)

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red; the national emblem (a stylized representation of the word Allah in the shape of a tulip, a symbol of martyrdom) in red is centered in the white band; ALLAH AKBAR (God is Great) in white Arabic script is repeated 11 times along the bottom edge of the green band and 11 times along the top edge of the red band

Government type [time series]

theocratic republic

Independence [time series]

1 April 1979 (Islamic Republic of Iran proclaimed)

International organization participation [time series]

CP, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Court

Legal system [time series]

the Constitution codifies Islamic principles of government

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral Islamic Consultative Assembly or Majles-e-Shura-ye-Eslami (290 seats, note - changed from 270 seats with the 18 February 2000 election; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 18 February 2000 with a runoff held 5 May 2000 (next to be held February 2004) election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats by party - reformers 189, conservatives 54, independents 42, seats reserved for religious minorities 5

National holiday [time series]

Republic Day, 1 April (1979) note: additional holidays celebrated widely in Iran include Revolution Day, 11 February (1979); Noruz (New Year's Day), 21 March; Constitutional Monarchy Day, 5 August (1925)

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

a loose pro-reform coalition called the 2nd Khordad front achieved considerable success at elections to the sixth Majles in early 2000, and groups in the coalition include: Islamic Iran Participation Front (IIPF); Executives of Construction Party (Kargozaran); Solidarity Party; Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution Organization (MIRO); and Militant Clerics Society (Ruhaniyun); a new apparently conservative group, the Builders of Islamic Iran, emerged at the local level in early 2003

Political parties (Political pressure groups and leaders) [time series]

active pro-reform student groups include the "Organization for Strengthening Unity"; groups that generally support the Islamic Republic include Ansar-e Hizballah, Muslim Students Following the Line of the Imam, Tehran Militant Clergy Association (Ruhaniyat), Islamic Coalition Association, and Islamic Engineers Society; opposition groups include Freedom Movement of Iran, the National Front, Marz-e Por Gohar, and various Monarchist organizations; armed political groups that have been almost completely repressed by the government include Mojahedin-e Khalq Organization (MEK), People's Fedayeen, Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan, and Komala

Suffrage [time series]

15 years of age; universal

Introduction

Background [time series]

Known as Persia until 1935, Iran became an Islamic republic in 1979 after the ruling shah was forced into exile. Conservative clerical forces established a theocratic system of government with ultimate political authority vested in a learned religious scholar. A group of Iranian students seized the US Embassy in Tehran on 4 November 1979 and held it until 20 January 1981. During 1980-88, Iran fought a bloody, indecisive war with Iraq over disputed territory. Over the past decade, popular dissatisfaction with the government, driven by demographic changes, restrictive social policies, and poor economic conditions, has created a powerful and enduring pressure for political reform.

Military

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Islamic Republic of Iran regular forces (includes Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force and Air Defense Command), Iranian Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) (includes Ground Forces, Air Force, Navy, Qods [special operations], and Basij [Popular Mobilization Army] forces), Law Enforcement Forces

Military expenditures - dollar figure [time series]

$9.7 billion (FY00)

Military expenditures (Military expenditures - percent of GDP) [time series]

3.1% (FY00)

Military manpower - availability [time series]

males age 15-49: 20,343,063 (2003 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service [time series]

males age 15-49: 12,094,551 (2003 est.)

Military manpower - military age [time series]

21 years of age (2003 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually [time series]

males: 870,711 (2003 est.)

People

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 29.3% (male 10,279,588; female 9,727,668) 15-64 years: 65.9% (male 22,916,431; female 22,095,124) 65 years and over: 4.8% (male 1,625,113; female 1,634,902) (2003 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

17.23 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)

Death rate [time series]

5.54 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)

Ethnic groups [time series]

Persian 51%, Azeri 24%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Kurd 7%, Arab 3%, Lur 2%, Baloch 2%, Turkmen 2%, other 1%

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate [time series]

less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths [time series]

290 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS [time series]

20,000 (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate [time series]

total: 44.17 deaths/1,000 live births female: 44.02 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.) male: 44.31 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages [time series]

Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic dialects 26%, Kurdish 9%, Luri 2%, Balochi 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, other 2%

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 69.35 years male: 68.04 years female: 70.73 years (2003 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 79.4% male: 85.6% female: 73% (2003 est.)

Median age [time series]

total: 22.9 years male: 22.7 years female: 23.2 years (2002)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Iranian(s) adjective: Iranian

Net migration rate [time series]

-0.86 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.)

Population [time series]

68,278,826 (July 2003 est.)

Population growth rate [time series]

1.08% (2003 est.)

Religions [time series]

Shi'a Muslim 89%, Sunni Muslim 10%, Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian, and Baha'i 1%

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.99 male(s)/female total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2003 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

1.99 children born/woman (2003 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

Iran protests Afghanistan's limiting flow of dammed waters on Helmand River tributaries in response to prolonged drought in region; thousands of Afghan refugees still reside in Iran; despite restored diplomatic relations in 1990, disputes with Iraq over maritime and land boundaries, navigation channel, and other issues from eight-year war persist; UAE engage direct talks and Arab League support to resolve disputes over Iran's occupation of Tunb Islands and Abu Musa Island; Iran insists on division of the Caspian Sea into five equal sectors, while other littoral states have generally agreed to equidistant seabed boundaries - Iran has threatened Azerbaijanian hydrocarbon exploration in disputed waters

Illicit drugs [time series]

despite substantial interdiction efforts, Iran remains a key transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin to Europe; domestic narcotics consumption remains a persistent problem and Iranian press reports estimate at least 2 million drug users in the country

Transportation

Airports [time series]

309 (2002)

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 122 over 3,047 m: 39 2,438 to 3,047 m: 25 914 to 1,523 m: 27 under 914 m: 4 (2002) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 27

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 187 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 9 under 914 m: 39 (2002) 914 to 1,523 m: 138

Heliports [time series]

13 (2002)

Roadways (Highways) [time series]

total: 167,157 km paved: 94,109 km (including 890 km of expressways) unpaved: 73,048 km (1998)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 139 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 4,190,576 GRT/7,276,700 DWT ships by type: bulk 43, cargo 34, chemical tanker 4, container 10, liquefied gas 1, multi-functional large-load carrier 6, petroleum tanker 30, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 9, short-sea passenger 1 (2002 est.)

Pipelines [time series]

condensate/gas 212 km; gas 16,998 km; liquid petroleum gas 570 km; oil 8,256 km; refined products 7,808 km (2003)

Ports (Ports and harbors) [time series]

Abadan (largely destroyed in fighting during 1980-88 war), Ahvaz, Bandar 'Abbas, Bandar-e Anzali, Bushehr, Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni, Bandar-e Lengeh, Bandar-e Mahshahr, Bandar-e Torkaman, Chabahar (Bandar Beheshti), Jazireh-ye Khark, Jazireh-ye Lavan, Jazireh-ye Sirri, Khorramshahr (limited operation since November 1992), Now Shahr

Railways [time series]

total: 7,201 km broad gauge: 94 km 1.676-m gauge standard gauge: 7,107 km 1.435-m gauge (146 km electrified) (2002)

Waterways [time series]

904 km note: the Shatt al Arab is usually navigable by maritime traffic for about 130 km; channel has been dredged to 3 m and is in use