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Communications

Internet users (Internet Service Providers (ISPs)) [time series]

9 (2000)

Internet country code [time series]

.bo

Internet users [time series]

78,000 (2000)

Broadcast media (Radio broadcast stations) [time series]

AM 171, FM 73, shortwave 77 (1999)

Radios [time series]

5.25 million (1997)

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

general assessment: new subscribers face bureaucratic difficulties; most telephones are concentrated in La Paz and other cities; mobile cellular telephone use expanding rapidly domestic: primary trunk system, which is being expanded, employs digital microwave radio relay; some areas are served by fiber-optic cable; mobile cellular systems are being expanded international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones - main lines in use) [time series]

327,600 (1996)

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

116,000 (1997)

Broadcast media (Television broadcast stations) [time series]

48 (1997)

Televisions [time series]

900,000 (1997)

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

soybeans, coffee, coca, cotton, corn, sugarcane, rice, potatoes; timber

Budget [time series]

revenues: $4 billion expenditures: $4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2002 est.)

Exchange rates (Currency) [time series]

boliviano (BOB)

Exchange rates (Currency code) [time series]

BOB

Debt - external [time series]

$5.8 billion (2001 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income (Distribution of family income - Gini index) [time series]

59 (1997)

Economic aid (Economic aid - recipient) [time series]

$588 million (1997) (1997)

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

Bolivia, long one of the poorest and least developed Latin American countries, has made considerable progress toward the development of a market-oriented economy. Successes under President SANCHEZ DE LOZADA (1993-97) included the signing of a free trade agreement with Mexico and becoming an associate member of the Southern Cone Common Market (Mercosur), as well as the privatization of the state airline, telephone company, railroad, electric power company, and oil company. Growth slowed in 1999, in part due to tight government budget policies, which limited needed appropriations for anti-poverty programs, and the fallout from the Asian financial crisis. In 2000, major civil disturbances in April, and again in September and October, held down overall growth to 2.5%. Bolivia's GDP failed to grow in 2001 due to the global slowdown and laggard domestic activity. Growth is expected to pick up in 2002, but the fiscal deficit and debt burden will remain high.

Electricity - consumption [time series]

3.605 billion kWh (2000)

Electricity - exports [time series]

5 million kWh (2000)

Electricity - imports [time series]

11 million kWh (2000)

Electricity - production [time series]

3.87 billion kWh (2000)

Electricity - production by source [time series]

fossil fuel: 48% hydro: 50% other: 2% (2000) nuclear: 0%

Exchange rates [time series]

bolivianos per US dollar - 6.8613 (January 2002), 6.6069 (2001), 6.1835 (2000), 5.8124 (1999), 5.5101 (1998), 5.2543 (1997)

Exports [time series]

$1.2 billion (2001 est.)

Exports - commodities [time series]

soybeans, natural gas, zinc, gold, wood

Exports - partners [time series]

US 32%, Colombia 18%, UK 15%, Brazil 15%, Peru 6% (2000)

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP) [time series]

purchasing power parity - $21.4 billion (2001 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin (GDP - composition by sector) [time series]

agriculture: 14% industry: 31% services: 55% (2000 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita) [time series]

purchasing power parity - $2,600 (2001 est.)

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

0% (2001 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: 1% highest 10%: 46% (1997) (1997)

Imports [time series]

$1.5 billion (2001 est.)

Imports - commodities [time series]

capital goods, raw materials and semi-manufactures, chemicals, petroleum, food

Imports - partners [time series]

US 24%, Argentina 17%, Brazil 15%, Chile 9%, Peru 5% (2000)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

3.9% (1998) (1998)

Industries [time series]

mining, smelting, petroleum, food and beverages, tobacco, handicrafts, clothing

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

2% (2001 est.)

Labor force [time series]

2.5 million

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Population below poverty line [time series]

70% (1999 est.)

Unemployment rate [time series]

7.6% (2000) note: widespread underemployment (2000)

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 1,098,580 sq km water: 14,190 sq km land: 1,084,390 sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly less than three times the size of Montana

Climate [time series]

varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid

Coastline [time series]

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Rio Paraguay 90 m highest point: Nevado Sajama 6,542 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

the clearing of land for agricultural purposes and the international demand for tropical timber are contributing to deforestation; soil erosion from overgrazing and poor cultivation methods (including slash-and-burn agriculture); desertification; loss of biodiversity; industrial pollution of water supplies used for drinking and irrigation

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection

Geographic coordinates [time series]

17 00 S, 65 00 W

Geography - note [time series]

landlocked; shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake (elevation 3,805 m), with Peru

Irrigated land [time series]

1,280 sq km (1998 est.)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 6,743 km border countries: Argentina 832 km, Brazil 3,400 km, Chile 861 km, Paraguay 750 km, Peru 900 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 1.73% permanent crops: 0.21% other: 98.06% (1998 est.)

Location [time series]

Central South America, southwest of Brazil

Map references [time series]

South America

Maritime claims [time series]

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards [time series]

flooding in the northeast (March-April)

Natural resources [time series]

tin, natural gas, petroleum, zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver, iron, lead, gold, timber, hydropower

Terrain [time series]

rugged Andes Mountains with a highland plateau (Altiplano), hills, lowland plains of the Amazon Basin

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

9 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, Beni, La Paz, Oruro, Pando, Potosi, Santa Cruz, Tarija

Capital [time series]

La Paz (seat of government); Sucre (legal capital and seat of judiciary)

Constitution [time series]

2 February 1967; revised in August 1994

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: Republic of Bolivia conventional short form: Bolivia local short form: Bolivia local long form: Republica de Bolivia

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador David N. GREENLEE embassy: Avenida Arce 2780, San Jorge, La Paz mailing address: P. O. Box 425, La Paz; APO AA 34032 telephone: [591] (2) 2430120, 2430251 FAX: [591] (2) 2433900

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Jaime APARICIO Otero chancery: 3014 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 consulate(s) general: Miami, New York, and San Francisco FAX: [1] (202) 328-3712 telephone: [1] (202) 483-4410

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE LOZADA Bustamante (since 4 August 2002); Vice President Carlos Diego MESA Gisbert (since 4 August 2002); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE LOZADA Bustamante (since 4 August 2002); Vice President Carlos Diego MESA Gisbert (since 4 August 2002); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 30 June 2002 (next to be held NA June 2007) election results: the new president was chosen by Congress, a result of no candidate winning a majority in the 30 June 2002 election; Congressional votes - Gonzalo SANCHEZ de Lozada 84, Evo MORALES 43

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with the coat of arms centered on the yellow band; similar to the flag of Ghana, which has a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band

Government type [time series]

republic

Independence [time series]

6 August 1825 (from Spain)

International organization participation [time series]

CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MONUC, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNTAET, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (judges appointed for 10-year terms by National Congress); District Courts (one in each department); provincial and local courts (to try minor cases)

Legal system [time series]

based on Spanish law and Napoleonic Code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch [time series]

bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of Chamber of Senators or Camara de Senadores (27 seats; members are directly elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and Chamber of Deputies or Camara de Diputados (130 seats; members are directly elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms; note - some members are drawn from party lists, thus not directly elected) elections: Chamber of Senators and Chamber of Deputies - last held 30 June 2002 (next to be held NA June 2007) election results: Chamber of Senators - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - MNR 11, MAS 8, MIR 5, NFR 2, other 1; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - MNR 36, MAS 27, MIR 26, NFR 25, others 16

National holiday [time series]

Independence Day, 6 August (1825)

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Bolivian Socialist Falange or FSB [Otto RICHTER]; Civic Solidarity Union or UCS [Johnny FERNANDEZ]; Conscience of the Fatherland or CONDEPA [Remedios LOZA Alvarado]; Free Bolivia Movement or MBL [Franz BARRIOS]; Movement of the Revolutionary Left or MIR [Jaime PAZ Zamora]; Movement to Socialism or MAS [leader NA]; Nationalist Democratic Action or ADN [Jorge Fernando QUIROGA Ramirez]; Nationalist Revolutionary Movement or MNR [Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE LOZADA]; New Republican Force or NFR [Manfred REYES-VILLA]; United Left or IU [Marcos DOMIC] note: the ADN, MIR, and UCS comprise the ruling coalition

Political parties (Political pressure groups and leaders) [time series]

Cocalero Groups; indigenous organizations; labor unions; Sole Confederation of Campesino Workers of Bolivia or CSUTCB [Felipe QUISPE]

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age, universal and compulsory (married); 21 years of age, universal and compulsory (single)

Introduction

Background [time series]

Bolivia, named after independence fighter Simon BOLIVAR, broke away from Spanish rule in 1825; much of its subsequent history has consisted of a series of nearly 200 coups and counter-coups. Comparatively democratic civilian rule was established in the 1980s, but leaders have faced difficult problems of deep-seated poverty, social unrest, and drug production. Current goals include attracting foreign investment, strengthening the educational system, continuing the privatization program, and waging an anticorruption campaign.

Military

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Army (Ejercito Boliviano), Navy (Fuerza Naval, includes Marines), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Boliviana), National Police Force (Policia Nacional de Bolivia)

Military expenditures - dollar figure [time series]

$147 million (FY99)

Military expenditures (Military expenditures - percent of GDP) [time series]

1.8% (FY99)

Military manpower - availability [time series]

males age 15-49: 2,062,321 (2002 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service [time series]

males age 15-49: 1,343,755 (2002 est.)

Military manpower - military age [time series]

19 years of age (2002 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually [time series]

males: 90,120 (2002 est.)

People

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 37.8% (male 1,626,596; female 1,565,124) 15-64 years: 57.7% (male 2,383,852; female 2,491,823) 65 years and over: 4.5% (male 169,583; female 208,156) (2002 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

26.41 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)

Death rate [time series]

8.05 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)

Ethnic groups [time series]

Quechua 30%, mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian ancestry) 30%, Aymara 25%, white 15%

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate [time series]

0.1% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths [time series]

380 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS [time series]

4,200 (1999 est.)

Infant mortality rate [time series]

57.52 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)

Languages [time series]

Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara (official)

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 64.42 years female: 67.1 years (2002 est.) male: 61.86 years

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 83.1% male: 90.5% female: 76% (1995 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Bolivian(s) adjective: Bolivian

Net migration rate [time series]

-1.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)

Population [time series]

8,445,134 (July 2002 est.)

Population growth rate [time series]

1.69% (2002 est.)

Religions [time series]

Roman Catholic 95%, Protestant (Evangelical Methodist)

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2002 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

3.37 children born/woman (2002 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

continues to demand a sovereign corridor to the South Pacific Ocean since the Atacama region was lost to Chile in 1884

Illicit drugs [time series]

world's third-largest cultivator of coca (after Colombia and Peru) with an estimated 24,400 hectares under cultivation in June 2002, a 23% increase from June 2001; intermediate coca products and cocaine exported to or through Colombia, Brazil, Argentina, and Chile to the US and other international drug markets; eradication and alternative crop programs under the SANCHEZ DE LOZADA administration have been unable to keep pace with farmers' attempts to increase cultivation after significant reductions in 1998 and 1999; money-laundering activity related to narcotics trade, especially along the borders with Brazil and Paraguay

Transportation

Airports [time series]

1,109 (2001)

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 12 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2002)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 1,069 1,096 over 3,047 m: 1 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 64 65 914 to 1,523 m: 225 236 under 914 m: 776 790 (2002)

Roadways (Highways) [time series]

total: 49,400 km paved: 2,500 km (including 30 km of expressways) unpaved: 46,900 km (1996)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 36 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 196,399 GRT/320,137 DWT ships by type: bulk 3, cargo 15, chemical tanker 2, container 1, petroleum tanker 13, roll on/roll off 2 note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of Belize 2, China 2, Cuba 1, Cyprus 1, Egypt 1, Honduras 1, Latvia 2, Liberia 2, Panama 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1, Saudi Arabia 1, Singapore 1, South Korea 3, Switzerland 1, Ukraine 1, United Arab Emirates 5, United States 1 (2002 est.)

Pipelines [time series]

crude oil 1,800 km; petroleum products 580 km; natural gas 1,495 km

Ports (Ports and harbors) [time series]

Puerto Aguirre (on the Paraguay/Parana waterway, at the Bolivia/Brazil border); also, Bolivia has free port privileges in maritime ports in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Paraguay

Railways [time series]

total: 3,691 km narrow gauge: 3,652 km 1.000-m gauge; 39 km 0.760-m gauge (13 km electrified) (1995 est.)

Waterways [time series]

10,000 km (commercially navigable)