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Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture-products) [time series]

grain, vegetables, olives, wine grapes, sugar beets, citrus; beef, pork, poultry, dairy products; fish catch of 867,000 metric tons in 1993

Budget [time series]

revenues: $113 billion expenditures: $139 billion, including capital expenditures of $15 billion (1995)

Exchange rates (Currency) [time series]

1 peseta (Pta) = 100 centimos

Debt - external (Debt-external) [time series]

$90 billion (1993 est.)

Economic aid [time series]

donor: ODA, $1.213 billion (1993)

Economic overview (Economy-overview) [time series]

Spain's mixed capitalist economy supports a GDP that on a per capita basis is three-fourths that of the four leading West European economies. Its center-right government has staked much on gaining admission to the first group of countries to implement the European single currency and, based on economic indicators, Madrid appears poised to be in EMU from the outset. The deficit-to-GDP ratio is 2.3%, the debt-to-GDP ratio is expected to be around 68%, and inflation is approximately 2%. Moreover, the AZNAR administration has continued to advocate liberalization, privatization, and deregulation of the economy, and has introduced some tax reforms to that end. Unemployment, nonetheless, remains the highest in the EU at 21%. The government, for political reasons, has made only limited progress in changing labor laws or reforming pension schemes, which are key to the sustainability of both Spain's internal economic advances and its competitiveness in a single currency area.

Electricity - capacity (Electricity-capacity) [time series]

39.583 million kW (1995)

Electricity - consumption per capita (Electricity-consumption per capita) [time series]

4,026 kWh (1995)

Electricity - production (Electricity-production) [time series]

154.144 billion kWh (1995)

Exchange rates [time series]

pesetas (Ptas) per US$1-153.94 (January 1998), 146.41 (1997), 126.66 (1996), 124.69 (1995), 133.96 (1994), 127.26 (1993)

Exports [time series]

total value: $94.5 billion (f.o.b., 1995) commodities: cars and trucks, semifinished manufactured goods, foodstuffs, machinery (1994) partners: EU 72.1%, US 4.2%, other developed countries 7.9% (1996)

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year Communications

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP) [time series]

purchasing power parity-$642.4 billion (1997 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin (GDP-composition by sector) [time series]

agriculture: 3.6% industry: 33.6% services: 62.8% (1995 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP-per capita) [time series]

purchasing power parity-$16,400 (1997 est.)

Real GDP growth rate (GDP-real growth rate) [time series]

3.3% (1997 est.)

Imports [time series]

total value: $118.3 billion (c.i.f., 1995) commodities: machinery, transport equipment, fuels, semifinished goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, chemicals (1994) partners: EU 65.6%, US 6.6%, other developed countries 11.5%, Middle East 6.2% (1996)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

-0.8% (1996)

Industries [time series]

textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages, metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles, machine tools, tourism

Inflation rate (consumer prices) (Inflation rate-consumer price index) [time series]

2.1% (1997 est.)

Labor force [time series]

total: 16.2 million by occupation: services 64%, manufacturing, mining, and construction 28%, agriculture 8% (1997 est.)

Broadcast media (Radio broadcast stations) [time series]

AM 190, FM 406 (repeaters 134), shortwave 0

Radios [time series]

12 million (1992 est.)

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

generally adequate, modern facilities domestic: NA international: 22 coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth stations-2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), NA Eutelsat, NA Inmarsat, and NA Marecs; tropospheric scatter to adjacent countries

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones) [time series]

12.6 million (1990 est.)

Broadcast media (Television broadcast stations) [time series]

100 (repeaters 1,297)

Televisions [time series]

15.7 million (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate [time series]

21% (1997 est.)

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 504,750 sq km land: 499,400 sq km water: 5,350 sq km note: includes Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, and five places of sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco-Ceuta, Mellila, Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera

Area - comparative (Area-comparative) [time series]

slightly more than twice the size of Oregon

Climate [time series]

temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast

Coastline [time series]

4,964 km

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Pico de Teide on Canary Islands 3,718 m

Environment - current issues (Environment-current issues) [time series]

pollution of the Mediterranean Sea from raw sewage and effluents from the offshore production of oil and gas; water quality and quantity nationwide; air pollution; deforestation; desertification

International environmental agreements (Environment-international agreements) [time series]

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Desertification

Geographic coordinates [time series]

40 00 N, 4 00 W

Geography - note (Geography-note) [time series]

strategic location along approaches to Strait of Gibraltar

Irrigated land [time series]

34,530 sq km (1993 est.)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 1,919.1 km border countries: Andorra 65 km, France 623 km, Gibraltar 1.2 km, Portugal 1,214 km, Morocco (Ceuta) 6.3 km, Morocco (Melilla) 9.6 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 30% permanent crops: 9% permanent pastures: 21% forests and woodland: 32% other: 8% (1993 est.)

Location [time series]

Southwestern Europe, bordering the Bay of Biscay, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, and Pyrenees Mountains, southwest of France

Map references [time series]

Europe

Maritime claims [time series]

exclusive economic zone: 200 nm (applies only to the Atlantic Ocean) territorial sea: 12 nm

Natural hazards [time series]

periodic droughts

Natural resources [time series]

coal, lignite, iron ore, uranium, mercury, pyrites, fluorspar, gypsum, zinc, lead, tungsten, copper, kaolin, potash, hydropower

Terrain [time series]

large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills; Pyrenees in north

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

17 autonomous communities (comunidades autonomas, singular-comunidad autonoma); Andalucia, Aragon, Asturias, Canarias, Cantabria, Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla y Leon, Cataluna, Communidad Valencian, Extremadura, Galicia, Islas Baleares, La Rioja, Madrid, Murcia, Navarra, Pais Vasco (Basque Country) note: there are five places of sovereignty on and off the coast of Morocco (Ceuta, Mellila, Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera) with administrative status unknown

Constitution [time series]

6 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: Kingdom of Spain conventional short form: Spain local short form: Espana

Data code [time series]

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Lawrence G. ROSSIN embassy: Serrano 75, 28006 Madrid mailing address: APO AE 09642 telephone: [34] (1) 587-2200

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Antonio OYARZABAL MARCHESI chancery: 2375 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 telephone: [1] (202) 452-0100, 728-2340

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: King JUAN CARLOS I (since 22 November 1975); Heir Apparent Prince FELIPE, son of the king head of government: President of the Government Jose Maria AZNAR Lopez (since 5 May 1996); First Vice President Francisco ALVAREZ CASCOS Fernandez (since 5 May 1996) and Second Vice President (and Minister of Economy and Finance) Rodrigo RATO Figaredo (since 5 May 1996) cabinet: Council of Ministers designated by the president note: there is also a Council of State that is the supreme consultative organ of the government elections: the king is a hereditary monarch; president proposed by the king and elected by the National Assembly following legislative elections; election last held 3 March 1996 (next to be held by NA March 2000) election results: Jose Maria AZNAR elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - NA

Diplomatic representation in the US (FAX) [time series]

[1] (202) 833-5670 consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)

Diplomatic representation in the US (FAX) [time series]

[34] (1) 587-2303 consulate(s) general: Barcelona

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and red with the national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band; the coat of arms includes the royal seal framed by the Pillars of Hercules, which are the two promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar

Government type [time series]

parliamentary monarchy

Independence [time series]

1492 (expulsion of the Moors and unification)

International organization participation [time series]

AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 8, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MINUGUA, MTCR, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIBH, UNU, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, ZC

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Court or Tribunal Supremo

Legal system [time series]

civil law system, with regional applications; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch [time series]

bicameral The General Courts or National Assembly or Las Cortes Generales consists of the Senate or Senado (256 seats; 208 members are directly elected by popular vote and the other 48 were appointed by the regional legislatures to serve four-year terms) and the Congress of Deputies or Congreso de los Diputados (350 seats; members are elected by popular vote on block lists by proportional representation to serve four-year terms) elections: Senate-last held 3 March 1996 (next to be held by March 2000); Congress of Deputies-last held 3 March 1996 (next to be held by March 2000) election results: Senate-percent of vote by party-NA; seats by party-PP 132, PSOE 96, CiU 11, PNV 6, IU 2, others 9; Congress of Deputies-percent of vote by party-PP 38.9%, PSOE 37.5%, IU 10.7%, CiU 4.6%; seats by party-PP 156, PSOE 141, IU 21, CiU 16, other 16

Capital (National capital) [time series]

Madrid

National holiday [time series]

National Day, 12 October

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

principal national parties, from right to left: Popular Party or PP [Jose Maria AZNAR Lopez]; Spanish Socialist Workers Party or PSOE [Joaquin ALMUNIA Amann, secretary general]; Spanish Communist Party or PCE [Julio ANGUITA Gonzalez]; United Left or IU (a coalition of parties including the PCE and other small parties) [Julio ANGUITA Gonzalez] chief regional parties: Convergence and Union or CiU [Jordi PUJOL i Soley, secretary general] (a coalition of the Democratic Convergence of Catalonia or CDC [Jordi PUJOL i Soley] and the Democratic Union of Catalonia or UDC [Josep Antoni DURAN y LLEIDA]); Basque Nationalist Party or PNV [Xabier ARZALLUS Antia]; Canarian Coalition or CC (a coalition of five parties) [Lorenzo OLLARTE Cullen]

Political parties (Political pressure groups and leaders) [time series]

on the extreme left, the Basque Fatherland and Liberty or ETA [Herri BATASUNA] and the First of October Antifascist Resistance Group or GRAPO use terrorism to oppose the government; free labor unions (authorized in April 1977); Workers Confederation or CC.OO; the Socialist General Union of Workers or UGT and the smaller independent Workers Syndical Union or USO; business and landowning interests; the Catholic Church; Opus Dei; university students

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal

Military

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, Civil Guard, National Police, Coastal Civil Guard

Military expenditures - dollar figure (Military expenditures-dollar figure) [time series]

$6.3 billion (1995)

Military expenditures (Military expenditures-percent of GDP) [time series]

1.4% (1995)

Military manpower - availability (Military manpower-availability) [time series]

males age 15-49: 10,387,539 (1998 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service (Military manpower-fit for military service) [time series]

males: 8,369,756 (1998 est.)

Military manpower - military age (Military manpower-military age) [time series]

20 years of age

Military manpower - reaching military age annually (Military manpower-reaching military age annually) [time series]

males: 323,552 (1998 est.)

People

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 15% (male 3,057,919; female 2,879,109) 15-64 years: 69% (male 13,407,270; female 13,408,685) 65 years and over: 16% (male 2,651,149; female 3,729,864) (July 1998 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

9.73 births/1,000 population (1998 est.)

Death rate [time series]

9.62 deaths/1,000 population (1998 est.)

Ethnic groups [time series]

composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types

Infant mortality rate [time series]

6.51 deaths/1,000 live births (1998 est.)

Languages [time series]

Castilian Spanish 74%, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2%

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 77.56 years male: 73.78 years female: 81.59 years (1998 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 96% male: 98% female: 94% (1986 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Spaniard(s) adjective: Spanish

Net migration rate [time series]

0.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1998 est.)

Population [time series]

39,133,996 (July 1998 est.)

Population growth rate [time series]

0.08% (1998 est.)

Religions [time series]

Roman Catholic 99%, other 1%

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female (1998 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

1.21 children born/woman (1998 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international (Disputes-international) [time series]

Gibraltar question with UK; Spain controls five places of sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco-the coastal enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, which Morocco contests, as well as the islands of Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la Gomera, and Islas Chafarinas

Illicit drugs [time series]

key European gateway country for Latin American cocaine and North African hashish entering the European market; transshipment point for and consumer of Southwest Asian heroin SPRATLY ISLANDS

Transportation

Airports [time series]

98 (1997 est.)

Airports - with paved runways (Airports-with paved runways) [time series]

total: 64 over 3,047 m: 15 2,438 to 3,047 m: 11 1,524 to 2,437 m: 16 914 to 1,523 m: 13 under 914 m: 9 (1997 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways (Airports-with unpaved runways) [time series]

total: 34 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 12 under 914 m: 21 (1997 est.)

Heliports [time series]

2 (1997 est.)

Roadways (Highways) [time series]

total: 344,847 km paved: 341,399 km (including 7,747 km of expressways) unpaved: 3,448 km (1996 est.)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 135 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,043,747 GRT/1,651,634 DWT ships by type: bulk 10, cargo 30, chemical tanker 7, combination ore/oil 1, container 8, liquefied gas tanker 3, oil tanker 29, passenger 2, refrigerated cargo 8, roll-on/roll-off cargo 30, short-sea passenger 6, specialized tanker 1 (1997 est.)

Pipelines [time series]

crude oil 265 km; petroleum products 1,794 km; natural gas 1,666 km

Ports (Ports and harbors) [time series]

Aviles, Barcelona, Bilbao, Cadiz, Cartagena, Castellon de la Plana, Ceuta, Huelva, La Coruna, Las Palmas (Canary Islands), Malaga, Melilla, Pasajes, Gijon, Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Islands), Santander, Tarragona, Valencia, Vigo

Railways [time series]

total: 15,172 km broad gauge: 12,781 km 1.668-m gauge (6,355 km electrified; 2,295 km double track) standard gauge: 664 km 1.435-m gauge (480 km electrified) narrow gauge: 1,727 km (privately owned: 1,708 km 1.000-m gauge, 517 km electrified; government owned: 19 km 1.000-m gauge, all electrified) (1996)

Waterways [time series]

1,045 km, but of minor economic importance