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Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture-products) [time series]

citrus and other fruits, vegetables, cotton; beef, poultry, dairy products

Budget [time series]

revenues: $55 billion expenditures: $58 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)

Exchange rates (Currency) [time series]

1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorot

Debt - external (Debt-external) [time series]

$18.7 billion (1997)

Economic aid [time series]

recipient: $1.2 billion (1997) from the US

Economic overview (Economy-overview) [time series]

Israel has a technologically advanced market economy with substantial government participation. It depends on imports of crude oil, grains, raw materials, and military equipment. Despite limited natural resources, Israel has intensively developed its agricultural and industrial sectors over the past 20 years. Manufacturing and construction employ about 28% of Israeli workers; agriculture, forestry, and fishing only 2.6%; and services the rest. Israel is largely self-sufficient in food production except for grains. Diamonds, high-technology equipment, and agricultural products (fruits and vegetables) are leading exports. Israel usually posts sizable current account deficits, which are covered by large transfer payments from abroad and by foreign loans. Roughly half of the government's external debt is owed to the US, which is its major source of economic and military aid. To earn needed foreign exchange, Israel has been targeting high-technology niches in international markets, such as medical scanning equipment. The influx of Jewish immigrants from the former USSR topped 750,000 during the period 1989-97, bringing the population of Israel from the former Soviet Union to one million, or one-sixth of the total population. Initially this great influx increased unemployment, intensified housing problems, and strained the government budget. At the same time, the immigrants bring to the economy scientific and professional expertise of substantial value for the future.

Electricity - capacity (Electricity-capacity) [time series]

7.736 million kW (1996)

Electricity - consumption per capita (Electricity-consumption per capita) [time series]

5,387 kWh (1995)

Electricity - production (Electricity-production) [time series]

32.5 billion kWh (1996)

Exchange rates [time series]

new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1-3.5340 (December 1997), 3.4494 (1997), 3.1917 (1996), 3.0113 (1995), 3.0111 (1994), 2.8301 (1993)

Exports [time series]

total value: $20.7 billion (f.o.b., 1997) commodities: machinery and equipment, cut diamonds, chemicals, textiles and apparel, agricultural products, metals partners: EU 32%, US 31%, Japan 7% (1996)

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year (since 1 January 1992) Communications

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP) [time series]

purchasing power parity-$96.7 billion (1997 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin (GDP-composition by sector) [time series]

agriculture: 2% industry: 17% services: 81% (1997 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP-per capita) [time series]

purchasing power parity-$17,500 (1997 est.)

Real GDP growth rate (GDP-real growth rate) [time series]

1.9% (1997 est.)

Imports [time series]

total value: $28.6 billion (c.i.f., 1997) commodities: military equipment, investment goods, rough diamonds, oil, consumer goods partners: EU 52%, US 20%, Japan (1996)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

5.4% (1996)

Industries [time series]

food processing, diamond cutting and polishing, textiles and apparel, chemicals, metal products, military equipment, transport equipment, electrical equipment, potash mining, high-technology electronics, tourism

Inflation rate (consumer prices) (Inflation rate-consumer price index) [time series]

9% (1997)

Labor force [time series]

total: 2.3 million (1997) by occupation: public services 31.3%, manufacturing 20.2%, finance and business 13.1%, commerce 12.8%, construction 7.5%, personal and other services 6.4%, transport, storage, and communications 6.2%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 2.6% (1996)

Broadcast media (Radio broadcast stations) [time series]

AM 9, FM 45, shortwave 0

Radios [time series]

2.25 million (1993 est.)

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

most highly developed system in the Middle East although not the largest domestic: good system of coaxial cable and microwave radio relay international: 3 submarine cables; satellite earth stations-3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean)

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones) [time series]

2.6 million (1996)

Broadcast media (Television broadcast stations) [time series]

Televisions [time series]

1.5 million (1993 est.)

Unemployment rate [time series]

7.7% (1997)

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 20,770 sq km land: 20,330 sq km water: 440 sq km

Area - comparative (Area-comparative) [time series]

slightly smaller than New Jersey

Climate [time series]

temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas

Coastline [time series]

273 km

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Dead Sea -408 m highest point: Har Meron 1,208 m

Environment - current issues (Environment-current issues) [time series]

limited arable land and natural fresh water resources pose serious constraints; desertification; air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; groundwater pollution from industrial and domestic waste, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides

International environmental agreements (Environment-international agreements) [time series]

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Geographic coordinates [time series]

31 30 N, 34 45 E

Geography - note (Geography-note) [time series]

there are 207 Israeli settlements and civilian land use sites in the West Bank, 42 in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, 24 in the Gaza Strip, and 29 in East Jerusalem (August 1997 est.)

Irrigated land [time series]

1,800 sq km (1993 est.)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 1,006 km border countries: Egypt 255 km, Gaza Strip 51 km, Jordan 238 km, Lebanon 79 km, Syria 76 km, West Bank 307 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 17% permanent crops: 4% permanent pastures: 7% forests and woodland: 6% other: 66% (1993 est.)

Location [time series]

Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and Lebanon

Map references [time series]

Middle East

Maritime claims [time series]

continental shelf: to depth of exploitation territorial sea: 12 nm

Natural hazards [time series]

sandstorms may occur during spring and summer

Natural resources [time series]

copper, phosphates, bromide, potash, clay, sand, sulfur, asphalt, manganese, small amounts of natural gas and crude oil

Terrain [time series]

Negev desert in the south; low coastal plain; central mountains; Jordan Rift Valley

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

6 districts (mehozot, singular-mehoz); Central, Haifa, Jerusalem, Northern, Southern, Tel Aviv

Constitution [time series]

no formal constitution; some of the functions of a constitution are filled by the Declaration of Establishment (1948), the basic laws of the parliament (Knesset), and the Israeli citizenship law

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: State of Israel conventional short form: Israel local long form: Medinat Yisra'el local short form: Yisra'el

Data code [time series]

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Edward WALKER embassy: 71 Hayarkon Street, Tel Aviv mailing address: PSC 98, Box 100, APO AE 09830 telephone: [972] (3) 519-7575

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador-designate Zalman SHOVAL chancery: 3514 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 364-5500

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President Ezer WEIZMAN (since 13 May 1993) head of government: Prime Minister Binyamin NETANYAHU (since 18 June 1996) cabinet: Cabinet selected from and approved by the Knesset elections: president elected by the Knesset for a five-year term; election last held 4 March 1998 (next to be held NA March 2003); prime minister elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 29 May 1996 (next to be held NA 2000); note-in March 1992, the Knesset approved legislation, effective in 1996, which allowed for the direct election of the prime minister; under the new law, each voter casts two ballots-one for the direct election of the prime minister and one for the party in the Knesset; the candidate that receives the largest percentage of the popular vote then works to form a coalition with other parties to achieve a parliamentary majority of 61 seats; finally, the candidate must submit his or her cabinet to the Knesset for approval and this must be done within 45 days of the election; in contrast to the old system, under the new law, the prime minister's party need not be the single-largest party in the Knesset election results: Ezer WEIZMAN elected president by the Knesset with a total of 63 votes, other candidate, Shaul AMOR, received 49 votes (there were seven abstentions and one absence); Binyamin NETANYAHU elected prime minister; percent of vote - Binyamin NETANYAHU 50.4%, Shimon PERES 49.5%

Diplomatic representation in the US (FAX) [time series]

[1] (202) 364-5607 consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Philadelphia, and San Francisco

Diplomatic representation in the US (FAX) [time series]

[972] (3) 517-3227 consulate(s) general: Jerusalem; note-an independent US mission, established in 1928, whose members are not accredited to a foreign government

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

white with a blue hexagram (six-pointed linear star) known as the Magen David (Shield of David) centered between two equal horizontal blue bands near the top and bottom edges of the flag

Government type [time series]

republic

Independence [time series]

14 May 1948 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration)

International organization participation [time series]

AG (observer), BSEC (observer), CCC, CE (observer), CERN (observer), EBRD, ECE, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, OAS (observer), OSCE (partner), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Court, appointed for life by the president

Legal system [time series]

mixture of English common law, British Mandate regulations, and, in personal matters, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim legal systems; in December 1985, Israel informed the UN Secretariat that it would no longer accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral Knesset or parliament (120 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 29 May 1996 (next to be held NA 2000) election results: percent of vote by party-NA; seats by party-Labor Party 34, Likud Party 32, SHAS 10, MERETZ 9, National Religious Party 9, Yisra'el Ba'Aliya 7, Hadash-Balad 5, Third Way 4, United Arab List 4, United Jewish Torah 4, Moledet 2; note-Likud, Tzomet, and Gesher candidates ran on a joint list

Capital (National capital) [time series]

Jerusalem note: Israel proclaimed Jerusalem as its capital in 1950, but the US, like nearly all other countries, maintains its Embassy in Tel Aviv

National holiday [time series]

Independence Day, 14 May 1948 (Israel declared independence on 14 May 1948, but the Jewish calendar is lunar and the holiday may occur in April or May)

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

government coalition: Likud Party, Prime Minister Binyamin NETANYAHU; Tzomet, Rafael EITAN; SHAS, Arieh DERI; National Religious Party, Yitzhak LEVI; Yisra'el Ba'Aliya, Natan SHARANSKY; United Jewish Torah, Meir PORUSH; Third Way, Avigdor KAHALANI opposition: Labor Party, Ehud BARAK; MERETZ, Yossi SARID; United Arab List, Abd al-Malik DAHAMSHAH; Hadash-Balad, Hashim MAHAMID other: Moledet, Rehavam ZEEVI; Gesher, David LEVI

Political parties (Political pressure groups and leaders) [time series]

Gush Emunim, Israeli nationalists advocating Jewish settlement on the West Bank and Gaza Strip; Peace Now supports territorial concessions in the West Bank and is critical of government's Lebanon policy

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal

Military

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Israel Defense Forces (includes ground, naval, and air components), Pioneer Fighting Youth (Nahal), Frontier Guard, Chen (women); note-historically there have been no separate Israeli military services

Military expenditures - dollar figure (Military expenditures-dollar figure) [time series]

$9.3 billion (1997)

Military expenditures (Military expenditures-percent of GDP) [time series]

9.5% (1997)

Military manpower - availability (Military manpower-availability) [time series]

males age 15-49: 1,446,634 females age 15-49: 1,414,898 (1998 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service (Military manpower-fit for military service) [time series]

males: 1,183,989 females: 1,153,670 (1998 est.)

Military manpower - military age (Military manpower-military age) [time series]

18 years of age

Military manpower - reaching military age annually (Military manpower-reaching military age annually) [time series]

males: 50,824 females: 48,661 (1998 est.)

People

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 28% (male 814,558; female 776,630) 15-64 years: 62% (male 1,751,111; female 1,745,499) 65 years and over: 10% (male 239,658; female 316,510) (July 1998 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

19.99 births/1,000 population (1998 est.)

Death rate [time series]

6.19 deaths/1,000 population (1998 est.)

Ethnic groups [time series]

Jewish 82% (Israel-born 50%, Europe/Americas/Oceania-born 20%, Africa-born 7%, Asia-born 5%), non-Jewish 18% (mostly Arab) (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate [time series]

8.02 deaths/1,000 live births (1998 est.)

Languages [time series]

Hebrew (official), Arabic used officially for Arab minority, English most commonly used foreign language

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 78.41 years male: 76.52 years female: 80.39 years (1998 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 95% male: 97% female: 93% (1992 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Israeli(s) adjective: Israeli

Net migration rate [time series]

5.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1998 est.)

Population [time series]

5,643,966 (July 1998 est.) note: includes 155,000 Israeli settlers in the West Bank, 17,000 in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, 6,000 in the Gaza Strip, and 164,000 in East Jerusalem (August 1997 est.)

Population growth rate [time series]

1.91% (1998 est.)

Religions [time series]

Judaism 82%, Islam 14% (mostly Sunni Muslim), Christian 2%, Druze and other 2%

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female (1998 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

2.71 children born/woman (1998 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international (Disputes-international) [time series]

West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with current status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement-permanent status to be determined through further negotiation; Golan Heights is Israeli-occupied; Israeli troops in southern Lebanon since June 1982

Illicit drugs [time series]

increasingly concerned about cocaine and heroin abuse and trafficking ITALY

Transportation

Airports [time series]

54 (1997 est.)

Airports - with paved runways (Airports-with paved runways) [time series]

total: 31 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 8 914 to 1,523 m: 9 under 914 m: 7 (1997 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways (Airports-with unpaved runways) [time series]

total: 23 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 18 (1997 est.)

Heliports [time series]

2 (1997 est.)

Roadways (Highways) [time series]

total: 15,065 km paved: 15,065 km (including 56 km of expressways) unpaved: 0 km (1996)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 27 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 803,383 GRT/947,678 DWT ships by type: cargo 2, container 24, roll-on/roll-off cargo 1 (1997 est.)

Pipelines [time series]

crude oil 708 km; petroleum products 290 km; natural gas 89 km

Ports (Ports and harbors) [time series]

Ashdod, Ashqelon, Elat (Eilat), Hadera, Haifa, Tel Aviv-Yafo

Railways [time series]

total: 610 km standard gauge: 610 km 1.435-m gauge (1996)