Zimbabwe

total: 477 usable: 401 with permanent-surface runways: 22 with runways over 3,659 m: 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 28

total: 85,237 km paved: 15,800 km unpaved: crushed stone, gravel, stabilized earth 39,090 km; improved earth 23,097 km; unimproved earth 7,250 km

Lake Kariba is a potential line of communication

petroleum products 212 km

2,745 km 1.067-meter gauge (including 42 km double track, 355 km electrified)

system was once one of the best in Africa, but now suffers from poor maintenance; consists of microwave links, open-wire lines, and radio communications stations; 247,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 18 FM, 8 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station

Habitat Commission on Human Settlements UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development Program UNEP United Nations Environment Program UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNHCR United Nations Office of High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund UNITAR UN Institute for Training and Research UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East UN Special Fund UN University WFC World Food Council WFP World Food Program

Peacekeeping Forces and Organizations UNAVEM II United Nations Angola Verification Mission UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force UNFICYP United Nations Force in Cyprus UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization UNIKOM United Nations Iran-Kuwait Observation Mission MINURSO United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara ONUSAL United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador UNTAC United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia UNPROFOR United Nations Protection Force UNOSOM II United Nations Operation in Somalia UNOMIG United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia UNOMOZ United Nations Operation in Mozambique UNOMUR United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda Commissions Established Pursuant to SC Res.687 UNSCOM UN Special Commission United National Compensation Commission UN Iraq/Kuwait Boundary Demarcation Commission

Specialized agencies FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization IDA International Development Association IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFC International Finance Corporation ILO International Labor Organization IMF International Monetary Fund IMO International Maritime Organization ITU International Telecommunication Union UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization UPU Universal Postal Union WHO World Health Organization WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization Related organizations GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency Regional commissions ECA Economic Commission for Africa ECE Economic Commission for Europe ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia Functional commissions Commission on Human Rights Commission on Narcotics Drugs Commission for Social Development Commission on the Status of Women Population Commission Statistical Commission Commission on Science and Technology for Development Commission on Sustainable Development Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Commission on Transnational Corporations

The United Nations System agencies and bodies as follows:

Abbreviations for International Organizations and Groups ACC Arab Cooperation Council ACCT Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique; see Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation ACP African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries AfDB African Development Bank AFESD Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development AG Andean Group AL Arab League ALADI Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion; see Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) AMF Arab Monetary Fund AMU Arab Maghreb Union ANZUS Australia-New Zealand-United States Security Treaty APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation AsDB Asian Development Bank ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations Bank (AfDB) BADEA Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique; see Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA) BCIE Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico; see Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE) BDEAC Banque de Developpment des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; see Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC) Benelux Benelux Economic Union BID Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo; see Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) BIS Bank for International Settlements BOAD Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement; see West African Development Bank (WADB) BSEC Black Sea Economic Cooperation Zone CACM Central American Common Market CAEU Council of Arab Economic Unity CARICOM Caribbean Community and Common Market CBSS Council of the Baltic Sea States CCC Customs Cooperation Council CDB Caribbean Development Bank CE Council of Europe CEAO Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest; see West African Economic Community (CEAO) CEEAC Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; see Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC) CEI Central European Initiative CEMA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance; also known as CMEA or Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991 CEPGL Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs; see Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL) CERN Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire; see European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) CG Contadora Group CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CMEA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991 COCOM Coordinating Committee on Export Controls Comecon Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as CMEA; abolished 1 January 1991 CP Colombo Plan CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EC European Community; see European Union (EU) ECA Economic Commission for Africa ECAFE Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East; see Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) ECE Economic Commission for Europe ECLA Economic Commission for Latin America; see Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ECO Economic Cooperation Organization ECOSOC Economic and Social Council ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ECSC European Coal and Steel Community ECWA Economic Commission for Western Asia; see Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) EEC European Economic Community EFTA European Free Trade Association EIB European Investment Bank Entente Council of the Entente ESA European Space Agency ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia EU European Union Euratom European Atomic Energy Community FLS Front Line States FZ Franc Zone G-3 Group of 3 G-5 Group of 5 G-6 Group of 6 (not to be confused with the Big Six) G-7 Group of 7 G-8 Group of 8 G-9 Group of 9 G-10 Group of 10 G-11 Group of 11 G-15 Group of 15 G-19 Group of 19 G-24 Group of 24 G-30 Group of 30 G-33 Group of 33 G-77 Group of 77 GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GCC Gulf Cooperation Council IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IBEC International Bank for Economic Cooperation IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization ICC International Chamber of Commerce ICEM Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration; see International Organization for Migration (IOM) ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions ICJ International Court of Justice ICM Intergovernmental Committee for Migration; see International Organization for Migration (IOM) ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross IDA International Development Association IDB Islamic Development Bank IEA International Energy Agency IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFC International Finance Corporation IFCTU International Federation of Christian Trade Unions IGADD Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development IIB International Investment Bank ILO International Labor Organization IMCO Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization; see International Maritime Organization (IMO) IMF International Monetary Fund IMO International Maritime Organization INMARSAT International Maritime Satellite Organization INTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite Organization INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization IOC International Olympic Committee IOM International Organization for Migration ISO International Organization for Standardization ITU International Telecommunication Union LAIA Latin American Integration Association LAS League of Arab States; see Arab League (AL) LDC less developed country LLDC least developed country LORCS League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies MINURSO United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara MTCR Missile Technology Control Regime NAM Nonaligned Movement NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NC Nordic Council NEA Nuclear Energy Agency NIB Nordic Investment Bank NIC newly industrializing country; see newly industrializing economy (NIE) NIE newly industrializing economy NSG Nuclear Suppliers Group OAS Organization of American States OAU Organization of African Unity OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States OIC Organization of the Islamic Conference ONUSAL United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador OPANAL Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la America Latina y el Caribe; see Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries SACU Southern African Customs Union SADC Southern African Development Community SADCC Southern African Development Coordination Conference SELA Sistema Economico Latinoamericana; see Latin American Economic System (LAES) SPARTECA South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement SPC South Pacific Commission SPF South Pacific Forum Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC) UN United Nations UNAVEM II United Nations Angola Verification Mission UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force UNDP United Nations Development Program UNEP United Nations Environment Program UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization UNFICYP United Nations Force in Cyprus UNFPA United Nations Fund for Population Activities; see UN Population Fund (UNFPA) UNHCR United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon UNIKOM United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan UNOMIG United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia UNOMOZ United Nations Operation in Mozambique UNOMUR United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda UNOSOM United Nations Operation in Somalia UNPROFOR United Nations Protection Force UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East UNTAC United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization UPU Universal Postal Union USSR/EE USSR/Eastern Europe WCL World Confederation of Labor WEU Western European Union WFC World Food Council WFP World Food Program WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions WHO World Health Organization WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization WP Warsaw Pact (members met 1 July 1991 to dissolve the alliance) WTO World Tourism Organization

International Organizations and Groups

Selected International Environmental Agreements convention: Afghanistan, Bolivia, Colombia, Germany, Greece, convention: Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Austria, convention: Afghanistan, Argentina, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ghana, convention: Holy See, San Marino convention: Belgium, Greece, Ireland, Poland, Spain convention: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Denmark, European convention: Cambodia, Ireland, Kuwait, Lesotho, Vietnam convention: Bolivia, Ethiopia, Holy See, Iceland, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, agreement: Bolivia, Brazil, Cote d'Ivoire, European Union, Honduras, protocol: Congo, Morocco protocol: Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, treaty: Algeria, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Haiti, Mali, convention: Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, convention: Afghanistan, Angola, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh,

Weights and Measures or capacity Area Volume 1 gram, 1 liter kilometers^2 statute (petroleum, US) 158.987 29 liters 42 gallons (proof spirits, US) 151.416 47 liters 40 gallons (beer, US) 117.347 77 liters 31 gallons degrees C, freezes at to obtain degrees F 0 degrees C) by 1.8 to obtain F, freezes at 32 degrees F) degrees C statute mi/hr) 1.852 kilometers/hour 1.151 statute miles/hour kilometers^2 0.755 miles^2, nautical or one-sixtieth of a dram or 640 acres deadweight 1,016.046 909 kilograms 2,240 pounds, avdp.

Cross-Reference List of Geographic Names [claimed by France] of the (F.T.A.I.) closed in September 1993] Support Office] suspended; US Interests Section located in Poland's embassy in Baghdad] Trust Territory of the maintain full diplomatic relations with Serbia and Montenegro] to European Union, US Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (USNATO)] Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Iles Chesterfield) (Kiritimati) (Galapagos Islands) (Komandorskiye Ostrova) [Little Diomede] September 1993] or Tsushima Strait) Republic) or Tsushima Strait) Consulate General] and Issas (F.T.A.I.) de Colon) US Embassy, US Mission to European Office of the UN and Other International Organizations] in June 1993] (East Germany) (West Germany) representation by US Interests Section (USINT) of the Swiss Embassy] (Poluostrov Kamchatka) Muria Islands) indefinitely] Republic of of Macedonia Tunisia Island) May 1993] May 1993] Mission to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)] the United Nations (USUN)] of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), US Observer Mission at the UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)] General] a Tierra) UN Agencies for Food and Agriculture (FODAG)] New Zealand] The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal (Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo) Agency] Archipielago Macedonia Islands Islands Republic of Yemen) Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan representation by Swiss Embassy] [claimed by France] representation by Belgian Embassy] Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan representation from Zurich, Switzerland] International Organizations in Vienna (UNVIE)] of the US to the Organization of American States (OAS)] Germany) Republic of Yemen] Republic of Republic of Yemen] Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Zimbabwe National Army, Air Force of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe Republic Police (including Police Support Unit, Paramilitary Police)

exchange rate conversion - $412.4 million, about 6% of GDP (FY91 est.)

males 15-49 2,371,186; fit for military service 1,472,603 (1994 est.)

Not all international organizations and groups have abbreviations

The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved, than $10,000; the 35 DCs are: Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, aim - to coordinate policy among the 12 members in three fields: economics, aim-to promote the Olympic ideals and administer the Olympic games: 1994 rates; also known as the undeveloped countries. The 42 LLDCs are: underdeveloped countries, undeveloped countries; the 174 LDCs are: Appendix D: Abbreviations for Selected International Environmental Agreements Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (Nitrogen Oxides Protocol) Air Pollution-Sulphur Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (Sulphur Protocol) Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (Volatile Organic Compounds Protocol) Antarctic-Environmental Protocol Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty Convention on Biological Diversity United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) Environmental Modification Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS) Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matter; note - also known as the London Convention Marine Life Conservation Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under Water Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships (MARPOL) International Tropical Timber Agreement Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially As Waterfowl Habitat; note - also known as Ramsar Whaling International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling

Not all of the selected international environmental agreements have abbreviations.

accounts for 20% of GDP and employs 74% of population; 40% of land area divided into 4,500 large commercial farms and 42% in communal lands; crops - corn (food staple), cotton, tobacco, wheat, coffee, sugarcane, peanuts; livestock - cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; self-sufficient in food

revenues: $1.7 billion expenditures: $2.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $253 million (FY93)

1 Zimbabwean dollar (Z$) = 100 cents

NA

capacity: 3,650,000 kW production: 8.18 billion kWh (1992) consumption per capita: 740 kWh (1992)

Zimbabwean dollars (Z$) per US$1 - 8.1037 (January 1994), 6.4725 (1993), 5.1046 (1992), 3.4282 (1991), 2.4480 (1990), 2.1133 (1989)

$1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: agricultural 35% (tobacco 30%, other 10%), manufactures 25%, gold 12%, ferrochrome 10%, textiles 8% (1992) partners: UK 14%, Germany 11%, South Africa 10%, Japan 7%, US 5% (1991)

$3.5 billion (December 1992 est.)

1 July - 30 June

$1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) commodities: machinery and transportation equipment 41%, other manufactures 23%, chemicals 16%, fuels 12% (1991) partners: South Africa 25%, UK 15%, Germany 9%, US 6%, Japan 5% (1991)

growth rate 2.3% (1992); accounts for 35% of GDP

mining, steel, clothing and footwear, chemicals, foodstuffs, fertilizer, beverage, transportation equipment, wood products

22% (January 1994 est.)

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $15.9 billion (1993 est.)

$1,400 (1993 est.)

2% (1993 est.)

Agriculture employs three-fourths of the labor force and supplies almost 40% of exports. The manufacturing sector, based on agriculture and mining, produces a variety of goods and contributes 35% to GDP. Mining accounts for only 5% of both GDP and employment, but supplies of minerals and metals account for about 40% of exports. Wide fluctuations in agricultural production over the past six years have resulted in an uneven growth rate, one that on average has matched the 3% annual increase in population. Helped by an IMF/World Bank structural adjustment program, output rose 3.5% in 1991. A severe drought in 1991/92 caused the economy to contract by about 10% in 1992.

at least 35% (1993 est.)

total area: 390,580 sq km land area: 386,670 sq km comparative area: slightly larger than Montana

tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March)

0 km (landlocked)

current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; land degradation; air and water pollution natural hazards: recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare international agreements: party to - Climate Change, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity

quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia is in disagreement

2,200 sq km (1989 est.)

total 3,066 km, Botswana 813 km, Mozambique 1,231 km, South Africa 225 km, Zambia 797 km

arable land: 7% permanent crops: NA% (coffee is a permanent crop) meadows and pastures: 12% forest and woodland: 62% other: NA%

Southern Africa, between South Africa and Zambia

Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

none; landlocked

coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium, lithium, tin, platinum group metals

landlocked

mostly high plateau with higher central plateau (high veld); mountains in east

8 provinces; Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Masvingo (Victoria), Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands

Harare

21 December 1979

ZI

chief of mission: Ambassador Amos Bernard Muvengwa MIDZI chancery: 1608 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: (202) 332-7100

chief of state and head of government: Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice President Simon Vengai MUZENDA (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice President Joshua M. NKOMO (since 6 August 1990); election last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - Robert MUGABE 78.3%, Edgar TEKERE 21.7% cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president; responsible to Parliament

(202) 483-9326

[263] (4) 796-488

seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black, red, yellow, and green with a white equilateral triangle edged in black based on the hoist side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird is superimposed on a red five-pointed star in the center of the triangle

18 April 1980 (from UK)

Supreme Court

mixture of Roman-Dutch and English common law

unicameral

ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-15, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, SADC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMUR, UNOSOM, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

conventional long form: Republic of Zimbabwe conventional short form: Zimbabwe former: Southern Rhodesia

Independence Day, 18 April (1980)

elections last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (150 total, 120 elected) ZANU-PF 117, ZUM 2, ZANU-S 1

Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), Robert MUGABE; Zimbabwe African National Union-Sithole (ZANU-S), Ndabaningi SITHOLE; Zimbabwe Unity Movement (ZUM), Edgar TEKERE and Abel MUYOREWA; Democratic Party (DP), Emmanuel MAGOCHE; Forum Party, Enock DUMBUTSHENA

18 years of age; universal

parliamentary democracy

chief of mission: Ambassador Edward Gibson LANPHER embassy: 172 Herbert Chitepo Avenue, Harare mailing address: P. O. Box 3340, Harare telephone: [263] (4) 794-521

37.24 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)

18.1 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)

African 98% (Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%, other 11%), white 1%, mixed and Asian 1%

7.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)

3.1 million by occupation: agriculture 74%, transport and services 16%, mining, manufacturing, construction 10% (1987)

English (official), Shona, Sindebele

tatal population: 42.06 years male: 40.44 years female: 43.74 years (1994 est.)

age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.); total population: 67% male: 74% female: 60%

noun: Zimbabwean(s) adjective: Zimbabwean

-7.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)

10,975,078 (July 1994 est.)

1.2% (1994 est.)

syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs) 50%, Christian 25%, indigenous beliefs 24%, Muslim and other 1%

5.1 children born/woman (1994 est.)