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Communications

Airports [time series]

total: 105 usable: 99 with permanent-surface runways: 60 with runways over 3,659 m: 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 26

Roadways (Highways) [time series]

total: 318,022 km (1988) paved: 178,092 km (including 2,142 km of expressways) unpaved: 139,930 km

Waterways (Inland waterways) [time series]

1,045 km, but of minor economic importance

Merchant marine [time series]

192 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,328,730 GRT/2,213,671 DWT, bulk 21, cargo 55, chemical tanker 14, container 11, liquefied gas 5, oil tanker 29, passenger 2, refrigerated cargo 12, roll-on/roll-off cargo 33, short-sea passenger 6, specialized tanker 3, vehicle carrier 1

Pipelines [time series]

crude oil 265 km; petroleum products 1,794 km; natural gas 1,666 km

Ports [time series]

Algeciras, Alicante, Almeria, Barcelona, Bilbao, Cadiz, Cartagena, Castellon de la Plana, Ceuta, El Ferrol del Caudillo, Puerto de Gijon, Huelva, La Coruna, Las Palmas (Canary Islands), Mahon, Malaga, Melilla, Rota, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Sagunto, Tarragona, Valencia, Vigo, and 175 minor ports

Railways (Railroads) [time series]

15,430 km total; Spanish National Railways (RENFE) operates 12,691 km (all 1,668-mm gauge, 6,184 km electrified, and 2,295 km double track); FEVE (government-owned narrow-gauge railways) operates 1,821 km (predominantly 1,000-mm gauge, 441 km electrified); privately owned railways operate 918 km (predominantly 1,000-mm gauge, 512 km electrified, and 56 km double track)

Telecommunication systems (Telecommunications) [time series]

generally adequate, modern facilities; 15,350,464 telephones; broadcast stations - 190 AM, 406 (134 repeaters) FM, 100 (1,297 repeaters) TV; 22 coaxial submarine cables; 2 communications satellite earth stations operating in INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean); MARECS, INMARSAT, and EUTELSAT systems; tropospheric links

Defense Forces

Military and security forces (Branches) [time series]

Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, Civil Guard, National Police, Coastal Civil Guard

Military expenditures (Defense expenditures) [time series]

exchange rate conversion - $5.8 billion, 1.3% of GDP (1994 est.)

Manpower availability [time series]

males age 15-49 10,377,990; fit for military service 8,396,405; reach military age (20) annually 337,764 (1994 est.)

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture) [time series]

accounts for about 5% of GDP and 14% of labor force; major products - grain, vegetables, olives, wine grapes, sugar beets, citrus fruit, beef, pork, poultry, dairy; largely self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 1.4 million metric tons is among top 20 nations

Budget [time series]

revenues: $97.7 billion expenditures: $128 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1993 est.)

Exchange rates (Currency) [time series]

1 peseta (Pta) = 100 centimos

Economic aid [time series]

recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1.9 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-79), $545 million note: not currently a recipient

Electricity [time series]

capacity: 46,600,000 kW production: 157 billion kWh consumption per capita: 4,000 kWh (1992)

Exchange rates [time series]

pesetas (Ptas) per US$1 - 136.6 (May 1994), 127.26 (1993), 102.38 (1992), 103.91 (1991), 101.93 (1990), 118.38 (1989)

Exports [time series]

$72.8 billion (f.o.b., 1993) commodities: cars and trucks, semifinished manufactured goods, foodstuffs, machinery partners: EC 71.2%, US 4.8%, other developed countries 7.9% (1992)

Debt - external (External debt) [time series]

$90 billion (1993 est.)

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year

Illicit drugs [time series]

key European gateway country for Latin American cocaine and North African hashish entering the European market

Imports [time series]

$92.5 billion (c.i.f., 1993) commodities: machinery, transport equipment, fuels, semifinished goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, chemicals partners: EC 60.7%, US 7.4%, other developed countries 11.5%, Middle East 5.9% (1992)

Industrial production growth rate (Industrial production) [time series]

growth rate -1.7% (1992)

Industries [time series]

textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages, metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles, machine tools, tourism

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

4.5% (1993 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (National product) [time series]

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $498 billion (1993)

Real GDP per capita (National product per capita) [time series]

$12,700 (1993)

Real GDP growth rate (National product real growth rate) [time series]

-1% (1993)

Economic overview (Overview) [time series]

After the economic boom of 1986-90, the Spanish economy fell into recession along with the economies of other EU member states. Real GDP barely grew in 1992 and declined by approximately 1% in 1993. Unemployment, now nearly one-fourth of the workforce, and the sharp downturn in business investment have contributed to sagging domestic demand. Devaluation of the peseta since September 1992 has made Spanish exports more competitive, but an export-led recovery in 1994 will depend largely on economic recovery in Spain's major market - the other EU nations. A solid recovery will also require appropriate domestic policy actions, including controlling the budget deficit and wage increases, reforming labor market regulations, and possibly loosening monetary policy another notch. Foreign investors, principally from other EU countries, have invested over $60 billion in Spain since 1986. Despite the recession, inflation remained at about 5% in 1993. The main source of inflationary pressure is the fiscal deficit.

Unemployment rate [time series]

22% (yearend 1993)

Geography

Area [time series]

total area: 504,750 sq km land area: 499,400 sq km comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Oregon note: includes Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, and five places of sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - Ceuta, Mellila, Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera

Climate [time series]

temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast

Coastline [time series]

4,964 km

Environment - current issues (Environment) [time series]

current issues: pollution of the Mediterranean Sea from untreated sewage and effluents from the offshore production of oil and gas; air pollution; deforestation; desertification natural hazards: NA international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Law of the Sea

Disputes - international (International disputes) [time series]

Gibraltar question with UK; Spain controls five places of sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - the coastal enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, which Morocco contests, as well as the islands of Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la Gomera, and Islas Chafarinas

Irrigated land [time series]

33,600 sq km (1989 est.)

Land boundaries [time series]

total 1,903.2 km, Andorra 65 km, France 623 km, Gibraltar 1.2 km, Portugal 1,214 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 31% permanent crops: 10% meadows and pastures: 21% forest and woodland: 31% other: 7%

Location [time series]

Southwestern Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, between Portugal and France

Map references [time series]

Africa, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Maritime claims [time series]

exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm

Natural resources [time series]

coal, lignite, iron ore, uranium, mercury, pyrites, fluorspar, gypsum, zinc, lead, tungsten, copper, kaolin, potash, hydropower

Note [time series]

strategic location along approaches to Strait of Gibraltar

Terrain [time series]

large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills; Pyrenees in north

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

17 autonomous communities (comunidades autonomas, singular - comunidad autonoma); Andalucia, Aragon, Asturias, Canarias, Cantabria, Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla y Leon, Cataluna, Communidad Valencia, Extremadura, Galicia, Islas Baleares, La Rioja, Madrid, Murcia, Navarra, Pais Vasco note: there are five places of sovereignty on and off the coast of Morocco (Ceuta, Mellila, Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera) with administrative status unknown

Capital [time series]

Madrid

Legislative branch (Congress of Deputies (Congreso de los Diputados)) [time series]

elections last held 6 June 1993 (next to be held by NA June 1997); results by percent of party NA; seats - (350 total) PSOE 159, PP 141, IU 18, CiU 17, PNV 5, CN 4, HB 2, other 4

Constitution [time series]

6 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978

Legislative branch (Council of State) [time series]

is the supreme consultative organ of the government

Digraph [time series]

Diplomatic representation in the US (Diplomatic representation in US) [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Jaime De OJEDA y Eiseley chancery: 2700 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: (202) 265-0190 or 0191 consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: King JUAN CARLOS I (since 22 November 1975) head of government: Prime Minister Felipe GONZALEZ Marquez (since 2 December 1982); Deputy Prime Minister Narcis SERRA y Serra (since 13 March 1991) cabinet: Council of Ministers; designated by the prime minister

Diplomatic representation in the US (FAX) [time series]

[34] (1) 577-5735 consulate(s) general: Barcelona consulate(s): Bilbao

Flag [time series]

three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and red with the national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band; the coat of arms includes the royal seal framed by the Pillars of Hercules, which are the two promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar

Independence [time series]

1492 (expulsion of the Moors and unification)

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo)

Legal system [time series]

civil law system, with regional applications; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch [time series]

bicameral The General Courts or National Assembly (Las Cortes Generales)

International organization participation (Member of) [time series]

AG (observer), AsDB, Australian Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, AfDB, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-8, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), LORCS, MTRC, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, ONUSAL, PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Country name (Names) [time series]

conventional long form: Kingdom of Spain conventional short form: Spain local short form: Espana

National holiday [time series]

National Day, 12 October

Political parties (Other political or pressure groups) [time series]

on the extreme left, the Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) and the First of October Antifascist Resistance Group (GRAPO) use terrorism to oppose the government; free labor unions (authorized in April 1977) include the Communist-dominated Workers Commissions (CCOO); the Socialist General Union of Workers (UGT), and the smaller independent Workers Syndical Union (USO); business and landowning interests; the Catholic Church; Opus Dei; university students

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

principal national parties, from right to left: Popular Party (PP), Jose Maria AZNAR; Social Democratic Center (CDS), Rafael Calvo ORTEGA; Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE), Felipe GONZALEZ Marquez, secretary general; Socialist Democracy Party (DS), Ricardo Garcia DAMBORENEA; Spanish Communist Party (PCE), Julio ANGUITA; United Left (IU) a coalition of parties including the PCE, a branch of the PSOE, and other small parties, Julio ANGUITA chief regional parties: Convergence and Unity (CiU), Jordi PUJOL Saley and Miguel ROCA in Catalonia; Basque Nationalist Party (PNV), Xabier ARZALLUS and Jose Antonio ARDANZA; Basque Solidarity (EA), Carlos GARAICOETXEA Urizza; Basque Popular Unity (HB), Jon IDIGORAS and Inaki ESNAOLA; Basque Socialist Party (PSE), coalition of the PSE, EE and PSOE, Jose Maria BANEGAS and Jon LARRINAGA; Andalusian Progress Party (PA), Pedro PACHECO; Canarian Coalition (CN), Dimas MARTIN; Catalan Republican Left, Angel COLOM; Galician Coalition, Senen BERNARDEZ; Aragonese Regionalist Party (PAR), Jose Maria MUR Bernad; Valencian Union (UV), Vicente GONZALEZ Lizondo, Manuel CAMPILLOS Martinez

Legislative branch (Senate (Senado)) [time series]

elections last held 6 June 1993 (next to be held by NA June 1997); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (255 total) PSOE 117, PP 107, CiU 15, PNV 5, IU 2, other 9

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal

Government type (Type) [time series]

parliamentary monarchy

Diplomatic representation from the US (US diplomatic representation) [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Richard N. GARDNER embassy: Serrano 75, 28006 Madrid mailing address: APO AE 09642 telephone: [34] (1) 577-4000

People

Birth rate [time series]

11.05 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Death rate [time series]

8.82 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Ethnic groups (Ethnic divisions) [time series]

composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types

Infant mortality rate [time series]

6.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)

Labor force [time series]

14.621 million by occupation: services 53%, industry 24%, agriculture 14%, construction 9% (1988)

Languages [time series]

Castilian Spanish, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2%

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 77.71 years male: 74.45 years female: 81.21 years (1994 est.)

Literacy [time series]

age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) total population: 95% male: 97% female: 93%

Nationality [time series]

noun: Spaniard(s) adjective: Spanish

Net migration rate [time series]

0.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Population [time series]

39,302,665 (July 1994 est.)

Population growth rate [time series]

0.25% (1994 est.)

Religions [time series]

Roman Catholic 99%, other sects 1%

Total fertility rate [time series]

1.4 children born/woman (1994 est.)