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Communications

Airports [time series]

total: 104 usable: 100 with permanent-surface runways: 24 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 21 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 3

Roadways (Highways) [time series]

29,000 km total; 670 km expressways; 5,000 km main or national roads; 23,330 km secondary or regional roads (not including municipal roads); 22,680 km of the total is paved (1988)

Waterways (Inland waterways) [time series]

870 km; minimal economic importance

Merchant marine [time series]

41 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 117,247 GRT/183,607 DWT; includes 36 cargo, 2 vehicle carrier, 3 bulk

Pipelines [time series]

crude oil 1,304 km, petroleum products 515 km

Ports [time series]

Tartus, Latakia, Baniyas, Jablah

Railways (Railroads) [time series]

1,998 km total; 1,766 km standard gauge, 232 km 1.050-meter (narrow) gauge

Telecommunication systems (Telecommunications) [time series]

fair system currently undergoing significant improvement and digital upgrades, including fiber optic technology; 512,600 telephones (37 telephones per 1,000 persons); broadcast stations - 9 AM, 1 FM, 17 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Intersputnik; 1 submarine cable; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey

Defense Forces

Military and security forces (Branches) [time series]

Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab Navy, Syrian Arab Air Force, Syrian Arab Air Defense Forces

Military expenditures (Defense expenditures) [time series]

exchange rate conversion - $2.2 billion, 6% of GDP (1992)

Manpower availability [time series]

males age 15-49 3,168,429; fit for military service 1,777,413; reach military age (19) annually 151,102 (1993 est.)

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture) [time series]

accounts for 27% of GDP and one-third of labor force; all major crops (wheat, barley, cotton, lentils, chickpeas) grown mainly on rain-watered land causing wide swings in production; animal products - beef, lamb, eggs, poultry, milk; not self-sufficient in grain or livestock products

Budget [time series]

revenues $5.4 billion; expenditures $7.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $2.9 billion (1991 est.)

Exchange rates (Currency) [time series]

1 Syrian pound (#S) = 100 piasters

Economic aid [time series]

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $538 million; Western (non-US) ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.23 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $12.3 billion; former Communist countries (1970-89), $3.3 billion

Electricity [time series]

3,205,000 kW capacity; 11,900 million kWh produced, 830 kWh per capita (1992)

Exchange rates [time series]

Syrian pounds (#S) per US$1 - 22.0 (promotional rate since 1991), 22.0 (official rate since 1991), 42.0 (official parallel rate since 1991), 11.2250 (fixed rate 1987-90)

Exports [time series]

$3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: petroleum 45%, farm products 11%, textiles, phosphates 5% (1990) partners: USSR and Eastern Europe 44%, EC 34%, Arab countries 17%, US/Canada 1% (1990)

Debt - external (External debt) [time series]

$5.3 billion (1990 est.)

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year

Illicit drugs [time series]

a transit country for Lebanese and Turkish refined cocaine going to Europe and heroin and hashish bound for the Persian Gulf area

Imports [time series]

$2.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: foodstuffs and beverages 21%, machinery 15%, metal and metal products 15%, textiles 7%, petroleum products (1990) partners: EC 42%, USSR and Eastern Europe 13%, other Europe 13%, US/Canada 11%, Arab countries 6% (1990)

Industrial production growth rate (Industrial production) [time series]

growth rate 6% (1991 est.); accounts for 18% of GDP

Industries [time series]

textiles, food processing, beverages, tobacco, phosphate rock mining, petroleum

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

20% (1992 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (National product) [time series]

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $30 billion (1991 est.)

Real GDP per capita (National product per capita) [time series]

$2,300 (1991 est.)

Real GDP growth rate (National product real growth rate) [time series]

9% (1991 est.)

Economic overview (Overview) [time series]

Syria's state-dominated Ba'thist economy has benefited from the Gulf war, increased oil production, good weather, and economic deregulation. Economic growth averaged nearly 12% annually in 1990-91, buoyed by increased oil production and improved agricultural performance. The Gulf war of early 1991 provided Syria an aid windfall of nearly $5 billion dollars from Arab, European, and Japanese donors. These inflows more than offset Damascus's war-related costs and will help Syria cover some of its debt arrears, restore suspended credit lines, and initiate selected military and civilian purchases. In 1992 the government spurred economic development by loosening controls on domestic and foreign investment while maintaining strict political controls. For the long run, Syria's economy is still saddled with a large number of poorly performing public sector firms and industrial and agricultural productivity is poor. A major long-term concern is the additional drain of upstream Euphrates water by Turkey when its vast dam and irrigation projects are completed by mid-decade.

Unemployment rate [time series]

5.7% (1989)

Geography

Area [time series]

total area: 185,180 km2 land area: 184,050 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than North Dakota note: includes 1,295 km2 of Israeli-occupied territory

Climate [time series]

mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast

Coastline [time series]

193 km

Environment - current issues (Environment) [time series]

deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

Disputes - international (International disputes) [time series]

separated from Israel by the 1949 Armistice Line; Golan Heights is Israeli occupied; Hatay question with Turkey; periodic disputes with Iraq over Euphrates water rights; ongoing dispute over water development plans by Turkey for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; Syrian troops in northern Lebanon since October 1976

Irrigated land [time series]

6,700 km2 (1989)

Land boundaries [time series]

total 2,253 km, Iraq 605 km, Israel 76 km, Jordan 375 km, Lebanon 375 km, Turkey 822 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 28% permanent crops: 3% meadows and pastures: 46% forest and woodland: 3% other: 20%

Location [time series]

Middle East, along the Mediterranean Sea, between Turkey and Lebanon

Map references [time series]

Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World

Maritime claims [time series]

contiguous zone: 41 nm territorial sea: 35 nm

Natural resources [time series]

petroleum, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, iron ore, rock salt, marble, gypsum

Note [time series]

there are 38 Jewish settlements in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights

Terrain [time series]

primarily semiarid and desert plateau; narrow coastal plain; mountains in west

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

14 provinces (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Hasakah, Al Ladhiqiyah, Al Qunaytirah, Ar Raqqah, As Suwayda', Dar'a, Dayr az Zawr, Dimashq, Halab, Hamah, Hims, Idlib, Rif Dimashq, Tartus

Capital [time series]

Damascus

Constitution [time series]

13 March 1973

Digraph [time series]

Diplomatic representation in the US (Diplomatic representation in US) [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Walid MOUALEM chancery: 2215 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 232-6313

Executive branch (Elections) [time series]

President: last held 2 December 1991 (next to be held December 1998); results - President Hafiz al-ASAD was reelected for a fourth seven-year term with 99.98% of the vote People's Council: last held 22-23 May 1990 (next to be held NA May 1994); results - Ba'th 53.6%, ASU 3.2%, SCP 3.2%, Arab Socialist Unionist Movement 2.8%, ASP 2%, Democratic Socialist Union Party 1.6%, independents 33.6%; seats - (250 total) Ba'th 134, ASU 8, SCP 8, Arab Socialist Unionist Movement 7, ASP 5, Democratic Socialist Union Party 4, independents 84; note - the People's Council was expanded to 250 seats total prior to the May 1990 election

Executive branch [time series]

president, three vice presidents, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

Flag [time series]

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with two small green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band and of Iraq, which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt, which has a symbolic eagle centered in the white band

Independence [time series]

17 April 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under French administration)

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Constitutional Court, High Judicial Council, Court of Cassation, State Security Courts

Executive branch (Leaders) [time series]

Chief of State: President Hafiz al-ASAD (since 22 February 1971 see note); Vice Presidents 'Abd al-Halim KHADDAM, Rif'at al-ASAD, and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984); note - President ASAD seized power in the November 1970 coup, assumed presidential powers 22 February 1971, and was confirmed as president in the 12 March 1971 national elections Head of Government: Prime Minister Mahmud ZU'BI (since 1 November 1987); Deputy Prime Minister Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984); Deputy Prime Minister Salim YASIN (since NA December 1981); Deputy Prime Minister Rashid AKHTARINI (since 4 July 1992)

Legal system [time series]

based on Islamic law and civil law system; special religious courts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral People's Council (Majlis al-Chaab)

International organization participation (Member of) [time series]

ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Country name (Names) [time series]

conventional long form: Syrian Arab Republic conventional short form: Syria local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Arabiyah as Suriyah local short form: Suriyah former: United Arab Republic (with Egypt)

National holiday [time series]

National Day, 17 April (1946)

Political parties (Other political or pressure groups) [time series]

non-Ba'th parties have little effective political influence; Communist party ineffective; conservative religious leaders; Muslim Brotherhood

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

ruling party is the Arab Socialist Resurrectionist (Ba'th) Party; the Progressive National is dominated by Ba'thists but includes independents and members of the Syrian Arab Socialist Party (ASP); Arab Socialist Union (ASU); Syrian Communist Party (SCP); Arab Socialist Unionist Movement; and Democratic Socialist Union Party

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal

Government type (Type) [time series]

republic under leftwing military regime since March 1963

Diplomatic representation from the US (US diplomatic representation) [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Christopher W. S. ROSS embassy: Abu Rumaneh, Al Mansur Street No. 2, Damascus mailing address: P. O. Box 29, Damascus telephone: [963] (11) 333052 or 332557, 330416, 332814, 332315, 714108, 337178, 333232 FAX: [963] (11) 718687

People

Birth rate [time series]

44.08 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate [time series]

6.44 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Ethnic groups (Ethnic divisions) [time series]

Arab 90.3%, Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%

Infant mortality rate [time series]

43.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Labor force [time series]

2.951 million (1989) by occupation: miscellaneous and government services 36%, agriculture 32%, industry and construction 32%; note - shortage of skilled labor (1984)

Languages [time series]

Arabic (official), Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian, French widely understood

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 66.12 years male: 65.07 years female: 67.22 years (1993 est.)

Literacy [time series]

age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 64% male: 78% female: 51%

Nationality [time series]

noun: Syrian(s) adjective: Syrian

Net migration rate [time series]

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Population [time series]

14,338,527 (July 1993 est.) note: in addition, there are at least 14,500 Druze and 14,000 Jewish settlers in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights (1993 est.)

Population growth rate [time series]

3.76% (1993 est.)

Religions [time series]

Sunni Muslim 74%, Alawite, Druze, and other Muslim sects 16%, Christian (various sects) 10%, Jewish (tiny communities in Damascus, Al Qamishli, and Aleppo)

Total fertility rate [time series]

6.75 children born/woman (1993 est.)