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Communications

Airports [time series]

total: 105 usable: 99 with permanent-surface runways: 60 with runways over 3,659 m: 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 26

Roadways (Highways) [time series]

150,839 km total; 82,513 km national (includes 2,433 km limited-access divided highway, 63,042 km bituminous treated, 17,038 km intermediate bituminous, concrete, or stone block) and 68,326 km provincial or local roads (bituminous treated, intermediate bituminous, or stone block)

Waterways (Inland waterways) [time series]

1,045 km, but of minor economic importance

Merchant marine [time series]

242 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,394,175 GRT/4,262,868 DWT; includes 2 passenger, 8 short-sea passenger, 71 cargo, 12 refrigerated cargo, 12 container, 32 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 4 vehicle carrier, 41 oil tanker, 14 chemical tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 3 specialized tanker, 36 bulk

Pipelines [time series]

crude oil 265 km, petroleum products 1,794 km, natural gas 1,666 km

Ports [time series]

Algeciras, Alicante, Almeria, Barcelona, Bilbao, Cadiz, Cartagena, Castellon de la Plana, Ceuta, El Ferrol del Caudillo, Puerto de Gijon, Huelva, La Coruna, Las Palmas (Canary Islands), Mahon, Malaga, Melilla, Rota, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Sagunto, Tarragona, Valencia, Vigo, and 175 minor ports

Railways (Railroads) [time series]

15,430 km total; Spanish National Railways (RENFE) operates 12,691 km (all 1.668-meter gauge, 6,184 km electrified, and 2,295 km double track); FEVE (government-owned narrow-gauge railways) operates 1,821 km (predominantly 1.000-meter gauge, 441 km electrified); privately owned railways operate 918 km (predominantly 1.000-meter gauge, 512 km electrified, and 56 km double track)

Telecommunication systems (Telecommunications) [time series]

generally adequate, modern facilities; 15,350,464 telephones; broadcast stations - 190 AM, 406 (134 repeaters) FM, 100 (1,297 repeaters) TV; 22 coaxial submarine cables; 2 communications satellite earth stations operating in INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean); MARECS, INMARSAT, and EUTELSAT systems; tropospheric links

Defense Forces

Military and security forces (Branches) [time series]

Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, Civil Guard, National Police, Coastal Civil Guard

Military expenditures (Defense expenditures) [time series]

exchange rate conversion - $9.6 billion, 1.6% of GDP (1992)

Manpower availability [time series]

males age 15-49 10,299,960; fit for military service 8,341,046; reach military age (20) annually 338,231 (1993 est.)

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture) [time series]

accounts for about 5% of GDP and 14% of labor force; major products - grain, vegetables, olives, wine grapes, sugar beets, citrus fruit, beef, pork, poultry, dairy; largely self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 1.4 million metric tons is among top 20 nations

Budget [time series]

revenues $122.9 billion; expenditures $140.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992 est.)

Exchange rates (Currency) [time series]

1 peseta (Pta) = 100 centimos

Economic aid [time series]

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1.9 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-79), $545.0 million; not currently a recipient

Electricity [time series]

46,600,000 kW capacity; 157,000 million kWh produced, 4,000 kWh per capita (1992)

Exchange rates [time series]

pesetas (Ptas) per US$1 - 114.59 (January 1993), 102.38 (1992), 103.91 (1991), 101.93 (1990), 118.38 (1989), 116.49 (1988)

Exports [time series]

$62 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: cars and trucks, semifinished manufactured goods, foodstuffs, machinery partners: EC 71.0%, US 4.9%, other developed countries 7.9% (1991)

Debt - external (External debt) [time series]

$67.5 billion (1992 est.)

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year

Illicit drugs [time series]

key European gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering the European market

Imports [time series]

$100 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) commodities: machinery, transport equipment, fuels, semifinished goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, chemicals partners: EC 60.0%, US 8.0%, other developed countries 11.5%, Middle East 2.6% (1991)

Industrial production growth rate (Industrial production) [time series]

growth rate 0.6% (1992 est.)

Industries [time series]

textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages, metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles, machine tools, tourism

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

6% (1992 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (National product) [time series]

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $514.9 billion (1992)

Real GDP per capita (National product per capita) [time series]

$13,200 (1992)

Real GDP growth rate (National product real growth rate) [time series]

1% (1992)

Economic overview (Overview) [time series]

Spain has done well since joining the EC in 1986. Foreign and domestic investments have spurred GDP growth at an annual average of more than 4% in 1986-91. As of 1 January 1993, Spain has wholly liberalized its trade and capital markets to EC standards, including integrating agriculture two years ahead of schedule. Beginning in 1989, Madrid implemented a tight monetary policy to fight 7% inflation. As a result of this action and the worldwide decline in economic growth, Spain's growth rate declined to 1% in 1992. Spain faces a likely recession in first half 1993. The government expects a recovery in the second half, but this depends on stepped-up growth in Germany and France. The slowdown in growth - along with displacements caused by structural adjustments in preparation for the EC single market - has pushed an already high unemployment rate up to 19%. However, many people listed as unemployed work in the underground economy. If the government can stick to its tough economic policies and push further structural reforms, the economy will emerge stronger at the end of the 1990s.

Unemployment rate [time series]

19% (yearend 1992)

Geography

Area [time series]

total area: 504,750 km2 land area: 499,400 km2 comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Oregon note: includes Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, and five places of sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - Ceuta, Mellila, Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera

Climate [time series]

temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast

Coastline [time series]

4,964 km

Environment - current issues (Environment) [time series]

deforestation; air pollution

Disputes - international (International disputes) [time series]

Gibraltar question with UK; Spain controls five places of sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - the coastal enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, which Morocco contests, as well as the islands of Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la Gomera, and Islas Chafarinas

Irrigated land [time series]

33,600 km2 (1989 est.)

Land boundaries [time series]

total 1,903.2 km, Andorra 65 km, France 623 km, Gibraltar 1.2 km, Portugal 1,214 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 31% permanent crops: 10% meadows and pastures: 21% forest and woodland: 31% other: 7%

Location [time series]

Southwestern Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, between Portugal and France

Map references [time series]

Africa, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Maritime claims [time series]

exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm

Natural resources [time series]

coal, lignite, iron ore, uranium, mercury, pyrites, fluorspar, gypsum, zinc, lead, tungsten, copper, kaolin, potash, hydropower

Note [time series]

strategic location along approaches to Strait of Gibraltar

Terrain [time series]

large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills; Pyrenees in north

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

17 autonomous communities (comunidades autonomas, singular - comunidad autonoma); Andalucia, Aragon, Asturias, Canarias, Cantabria, Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla y Leon, Cataluna, Communidad Valencia, Extremadura, Galicia, Islas Baleares, La Rioja, Madrid, Murcia, Navarra, Pais Vasco note: there are five places of sovereignty on and off the coast of Morocco (Ceuta, Mellila, Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera) with administrative status unknown

Capital [time series]

Madrid

Constitution [time series]

6 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978

Digraph [time series]

Diplomatic representation in the US (Diplomatic representation in US) [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Jaime De OJEDA y Eiseley chancery: 2700 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: (202) 265-0190 or 0191 consulates general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)

Executive branch (Elections) [time series]

Senate: last held 29 October 1989 (next to be held NA October 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (208 total) PSOE 106, PP 79, CiU 10, PNV 4, HB 3, AIC 1, other 5 Congress of Deputies: last held 29 October 1989 (next to be held NA October 1993); results - PSOE 39.6%, PP 25.8%, CDS 9%, IU 9%, CiU 5%, PNV 1.2%, HB 1%, PA 1%, other 8.4%; seats - (350 total) PSOE 175, PP 106, CiU 18, IU 17, CDS 14, PNV 5, HB 4, other 11

Executive branch [time series]

monarch, president of the government (prime minister), deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet), Council of State

Flag [time series]

three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and red with the national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band; the coat of arms includes the royal seal framed by the Pillars of Hercules, which are the two promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar

Independence [time series]

1492 (expulsion of the Moors and unification)

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo)

Executive branch (Leaders) [time series]

Chief of State: King JUAN CARLOS I (since 22 November 1975) Head of Government: Prime Minister Felipe GONZALEZ Marquez (since 2 December 1982); Deputy Prime Minister Narcis SERRA y Serra (since 13 March 1991)

Legal system [time series]

civil law system, with regional applications; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch [time series]

bicameral The General Courts or National Assembly (Las Cortes Generales) consists of an upper house or Senate (Senado) and a lower house or Congress of Deputies (Congreso de los Diputados)

International organization participation (Member of) [time series]

AG (observer), AsDB, Australian Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, AfDB, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-8, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), LORCS, MTRC, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, ONUSAL, PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Country name (Names) [time series]

conventional long form: Kingdom of Spain conventional short form: Spain local short form: Espana

National holiday [time series]

National Day, 12 October

Political parties (Other political or pressure groups) [time series]

on the extreme left, the Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) and the First of October Antifascist Resistance Group (GRAPO) use terrorism to oppose the government; free labor unions (authorized in April 1977) include the Communist-dominated Workers Commissions (CCOO); the Socialist General Union of Workers (UGT), and the smaller independent Workers Syndical Union (USO); the Catholic Church; business and landowning interests; Opus Dei; university students

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

principal national parties, from right to left: Popular Party (PP), Jose Maria AZNAR; Social Democratic Center (CDS), Rafael Calvo ORTEGA; Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE), Felipe GONZALEZ Marquez, secretary general; Socialist Democracy Party (DS), Ricardo Garcia DAMBORENEA; Spanish Communist Party (PCE), Julio ANGUITA; United Left (IU) a coalition of parties including the PCE, a branch of the PSOE, and other small parties, leader NA chief regional parties: Convergence and Unity (CiU), Jordi PUJOL Saley, in Catalonia; Basque Nationalist Party (PNV), Xabier ARZALLUS; Basque Solidarity (EA), Carlos GARAICOETXEA Urizza; Basque Popular Unity (HB), Jon IDIGORAS; Basque Left (EE), Juan Maria BANDRES; Basque Socialist Party (PSE); coalition of the PSE, EE, and PSOE, Jose Maria BANEGAS; Euskal Ezkerra (EUE), Xabier GURRUTXAGA; Andalusian Party (PA), Pedro PACHECO; Independent Canary Group (AIC), leader NA; Aragon Regional Party (PAR), leader NA; Valencian Union (UV), leader NA

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal

Government type (Type) [time series]

parliamentary monarchy

Diplomatic representation from the US (US diplomatic representation) [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Richard G. CAPEN, Jr. embassy: Serrano 75, 28006 Madrid mailing address: PSC 61, APO AE 09642 telephone: [34] (1) 577-4000 FAX: [34] (1) 577-5735 consulate general: Barcelona consulate: Bilbao

People

Birth rate [time series]

10.88 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate [time series]

8.76 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Ethnic groups (Ethnic divisions) [time series]

composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types

Infant mortality rate [time series]

7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Labor force [time series]

14.621 million by occupation: services 53%, industry 24%, agriculture 14%, construction 9% (1988)

Languages [time series]

Castilian Spanish, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2%

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 77.51 years male: 74.22 years female: 81.04 years (1993 est.)

Literacy [time series]

age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 95% male: 97% female: 93%

Nationality [time series]

noun: Spaniard(s) adjective: Spanish

Net migration rate [time series]

0.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Population [time series]

39,207,159 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate [time series]

0.24% (1993 est.)

Religions [time series]

Roman Catholic 99%, other sects 1%

Total fertility rate [time series]

1.38 children born/woman (1993 est.)