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Communications

Airports [time series]

105 total, 99 usable; 60 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways over 3,659 m; 22 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 25 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Civil air [time series]

210 major transport aircraft

Roadways (Highways) [time series]

150,839 km total; 82,513 km national (includes 2,433 km limited-access divided highway, 63,042 km bituminous treated, 17,038 km intermediate bituminous, concrete, or stone block) and 68,326 km provincial or local roads (bituminous treated, intermediate bituminous, or stone block)

Waterways (Inland waterways) [time series]

1,045 km, but of minor economic importance

Merchant marine [time series]

278 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,915,409 GRT/5,228,378 DWT; includes 2 passenger, 9 short-sea passenger, 86 cargo, 13 refrigerated cargo, 15 container, 32 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 4 vehicle carrier, 48 petroleum tanker, 14 chemical tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 3 specialized tanker, 45 bulk

Pipelines [time series]

crude oil 265 km, petroleum products 1,794 km, natural gas 1,666 km

Ports [time series]

Algeciras, Alicante, Almeria, Barcelona, Bilbao, Cadiz, Cartagena, Castellon de la Plana, Ceuta, El Ferrol del Caudillo, Puerto de Gijon, Huelva, La Coruna, Las Palmas (Canary Islands), Mahon, Malaga, Melilla, Rota, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Sagunto, Tarragona, Valencia, Vigo, and 175 minor ports

Railways (Railroads) [time series]

15,430 km total; Spanish National Railways (RENFE) operates 12,691 km 1.668-meter gauge, 6,184 km electrified, and 2,295 km double track; FEVE (government-owned narrow-gauge railways) operates 1,821 km of predominantly 1.000-meter gauge and 441 km electrified; privately owned railways operate 918 km of predominantly 1.000-meter gauge, 512 km electrified, and 56 km double track

Telecommunication systems (Telecommunications) [time series]

generally adequate, modern facilities; 15,350,464 telephones; broadcast stations - 190 AM, 406 (134 repeaters) FM, 100 (1,297 repeaters) TV; 22 coaxial submarine cables; 2 communications satellite earth stations operating in INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean); MARECS, INMARSAT, and EUTELSAT systems; tropospheric links

Defense Forces

Military and security forces (Branches) [time series]

Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, Civil Guard, National Police, Coastal Civil Guard

Military expenditures (Defense expenditures) [time series]

exchange rate conversion - $8.7 billion, 2% of GDP (1991)

Manpower availability [time series]

males 15-49, 10,205,741; 8,271,151 fit for military service; 337,407 reach military age (20) annually

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture) [time series]

accounts for about 5% of GDP and 14% of labor force; major products - grain, vegetables, olives, wine grapes, sugar beets, citrus fruit, beef, pork, poultry, dairy; largely self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 1.4 million metric tons is among top 20 nations

Budget [time series]

revenues $111.0 billion; expenditures $115.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $20.8 billion (1991 est.)

Exchange rates (Currency) [time series]

peseta (plural - pesetas); 1 peseta (Pta) = 100 centimos

Economic aid [time series]

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1.9 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-79), $545.0 million; not currently a recipient

Electricity [time series]

46,589,000 kW capacity; 157,040 million kWh produced, 3,980 kWh per capita (1991)

Exchange rates [time series]

pesetas (Ptas) per US$1 - 104.79 (March 1992), 103.91 (1991), 101.93 (1990), 118.38 (1989), 116.49 (1988), 123.48 (1987)

Exports [time series]

$60.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: cars and trucks, semifinished manufactured goods, foodstuffs, machinery partners: EC 71.0%, US 4.9%, other developed countries 7.9%

Debt - external (External debt) [time series]

$45 billion (1991 est.)

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP) [time series]

purchasing power equivalent - $487.5 billion, per capita $12,400; real growth rate 2.5% (1991 est.)

Illicit drugs [time series]

key European gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering the European market

Imports [time series]

$93.1 billion (c.i.f., 1990) commodities: machinery, transport equipment, fuels, semifinished goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, chemicals partners: EC 60.0%, US 8.0%, other developed countries 11.5%, Middle East 2.6%

Industrial production growth rate (Industrial production) [time series]

growth rate 2.0% (1991 est.)

Industries [time series]

textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages, metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles, machine tools, tourism

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

5.9% (1991 est.)

Economic overview (Overview) [time series]

Spain has done well since joining the EC in 1986. In accordance with its accession treaty, Spain has almost wholly liberalized trade and capital markets. Foreign and domestic investment has spurred average growth of 4% per year. Beginning in 1989, Madrid implemented a tight monetary policy to fight inflation - around 7% in 1989 and 1990. As a result growth slowed to 2.5% in 1991. Spanish policymakers remain concerned with inflation - still hovering at 6%. Government officials also are worried about 16% unemployment, although many people listed as unemployed work in the underground economy. Spanish economists believe that structural adjustments due to the ongoing integration of the European market are likely to lead to more displaced workers.

Unemployment rate [time series]

16.0% (1991 est.)

Geography

Climate [time series]

temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast

Coastline [time series]

4,964 km

Area - comparative (Comparative area) [time series]

slightly more than twice the size of Oregon

Disputes - international (Disputes) [time series]

Gibraltar question with UK; Spain controls five places of sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - the coastal enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, which Morocco contests, as well as the islands of Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la Gomera, and Islas Chafarinas

Environment - current issues (Environment) [time series]

deforestation; air pollution

Area (Land area) [time series]

499,400 km2; includes Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, and five places of sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - Ceuta, Mellila, Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera

Land boundaries [time series]

1,903.2 km total; Andorra 65 km, France 623 km, Gibraltar 1.2 km, Portugal 1,214 km

Land use [time series]

arable land 31%; permanent crops 10%; meadows and pastures 21%; forest and woodland 31%; other 7%; includes irrigated 6%

Maritime claims [time series]

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm Territorial sea: 12 nm

Natural resources [time series]

coal, lignite, iron ore, uranium, mercury, pyrites, fluorspar, gypsum, zinc, lead, tungsten, copper, kaolin, potash, hydropower

Note [time series]

strategic location along approaches to Strait of Gibraltar

Terrain [time series]

large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills; Pyrenees in north

Area (Total area) [time series]

504,750 km2

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

17 autonomous communities (comunidades autonomas, singular - comunidad autonoma); Andalucia, Aragon, Asturias, Canarias, Cantabria, Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla y Leon, Cataluna, Communidad Valencia, Extremadura, Galicia, Islas Baleares, La Rioja, Madrid, Murcia, Navarra, Pais Vasco; note - there are five places of sovereignty on and off the coast of Morocco (Ceuta, Mellila, Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera) with administrative status unknown

Capital [time series]

Madrid

Political parties (Communists) [time series]

PCE membership declined from a possible high of 160,000 in 1977 to roughly 60,000 in 1987; the party gained almost 1 million voters and 10 deputies in the 1989 election; voters came mostly from the disgruntled socialist left; remaining strength is in labor, where it dominates the Workers Commissions trade union (one of the country's two major labor centrals), which claims a membership of about 1 million; experienced a modest recovery in 1986 national election, nearly doubling the share of the vote it received in 1982

Constitution [time series]

6 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978

Diplomatic representation in the US (Diplomatic representation) [time series]

Ambassador Jaime de OJEDA; Chancery at 2700 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 265-0190 or 0191; there are Spanish Consulates General in Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) US: Ambassador Joseph ZAPPALA; Embassy at Serrano 75, 28006 Madrid (mailing address is APO AE 09642); telephone [34] (1) 577-4000, FAX [34] (1) 577-5735; there is a US Consulate General in Barcelona and a Consulate in Bilbao

Executive branch (Elections) [time series]

Senate: last held 29 October 1989 (next to be held NA October 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (208 total) PSOE 106, PP 79, CiU 10, PNV 4, HB 3, AIC 1, other 5 Congress of Deputies: last held 29 October 1989 (next to be held NA October 1993); results - PSOE 39.6%, PP 25.8%, CDS 9%, Communist-led coalition (IU) 9%, CiU 5%, PNV 1.2%, HB 1%, PA 1%, other 8.4%; seats - (350 total) PSOE 175, PP 106, CiU 18, IU 17, CDS 14, PNV 5, HB 4, other 11

Executive branch [time series]

monarch, president of the government (prime minister), deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet), Council of State

Flag [time series]

three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and red with the national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band; the coat of arms includes the royal seal framed by the Pillars of Hercules, which are the two promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar

Independence [time series]

1492 (expulsion of the Moors and unification)

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo)

Executive branch (Leaders) [time series]

Chief of State: King JUAN CARLOS I (since 22 November 1975) Head of Government: Prime Minister Felipe GONZALEZ Marquez (since 2 December 1982); Deputy Prime Minister Narcis SERRA (since 13 March 1991)

Legal system [time series]

civil law system, with regional applications; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch [time series]

bicameral The General Courts or National Assembly (Las Cortes Generales) consists of an upper house or Senate (Senado) and a lower house or Congress of Deputies (Congreso de los Diputados)

Country name (Long-form name) [time series]

Kingdom of Spain

International organization participation (Member of) [time series]

AG (observer), AsDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-8, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

National holiday [time series]

National Day, 12 October

Political parties (Other political or pressure groups) [time series]

on the extreme left, the Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) and the First of October Antifascist Resistance Group (GRAPO) use terrorism to oppose the government; free labor unions (authorized in April 1977) include the Communist-dominated Workers Commissions (CCOO); the Socialist General Union of Workers (UGT), and the smaller independent Workers Syndical Union (USO); the Catholic Church; business and landowning interests; Opus Dei; university students

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

principal national parties, from right to left - Popular Party (PP), Jose Maria AZNAR; Popular Democratic Party (PDP), Luis DE GRANDES; Social Democratic Center (CDS), Rafael Calvo ORTEGA; Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE), Felipe GONZALEZ Marquez; Socialist Democracy Party (DS), Ricardo Garcia DAMBORENEA; Spanish Communist Party (PCE), Julio ANGUITA; chief regional parties - Convergence and Unity (CiU), Jordi PUJOL Saley, in Catalonia; Basque Nationalist Party (PNV), Xabier ARZALLUS; Basque Solidarity (EA), Carlos GARAICOETXEA Urizza; Basque Popular Unity (HB), Jon IDIGORAS; Basque Left (EE), Kepa AULESTIA; Andalusian Party (PA), Pedro PACHECO; Independent Canary Group (AIC); Aragon Regional Party (PAR); Valencian Union (UV)

Suffrage [time series]

universal at age 18

Government type (Type) [time series]

parliamentary monarchy

People

Birth rate [time series]

11 births/1,000 population (1992)

Death rate [time series]

9 deaths/1,000 population (1992)

Ethnic groups (Ethnic divisions) [time series]

composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types

Infant mortality rate [time series]

7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)

Labor force [time series]

14,621,000; services 53%, industry 24%, agriculture 14%, construction 9% (1988)

Languages [time series]

Castilian Spanish; second languages include Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2%

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

74 years male, 81 years female (1992)

Literacy [time series]

95% (male 97%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

Nationality [time series]

noun - Spaniard(s); adjective - Spanish

Net migration rate [time series]

NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992)

Organized labor [time series]

less 10% of labor force (1988)

Population [time series]

39,118,399 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992)

Religions [time series]

Roman Catholic 99%, other sects 1%

Total fertility rate [time series]

1.4 children born/woman (1992)