Portugal

semi-presidential republic

name: Lisbon geographic coordinates: 38 43 N, 9 08 W time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October time zone note: Portugal has two time zones, including the Azores (UTC-1) etymology: the origin of the name is unclear; some trace it back to the legendary Greek hero Ulysses; others claim a derivation from the Phoenician alis-ubbo , or "joyful bay"

chief of state: President Marcelo REBELO DE SOUSA (since 9 March 2016) head of government: Prime Minister Antonio Luis MONTENEGRO (since 2 April 2024) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister election/appointment process: president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); following legislative elections, the president usually appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister most recent election date: 24 January 2021 election results: 2021: Marcelo REBELO DE SOUSA reelected president in the first round; percent of vote - Marcelo REBELO DE SOUSA (PSD) 60.7%, Ana GOMES (ran as an independent but is a member of PS) 13%, Andre VENTURA (CH) 11.9%, Jo o FERREIRA (PCP-PEV) 4.3%, other 10.1% 2016: Marcelo REBELO DE SOUSA elected president in the first round; percent of vote - Marcelo REBELO DE SOUSA (PSD) 52%, Ant nio SAMPAIO DA NOVOA (independent) 22.9%, Marisa MATIAS (BE) 10.1%, Maria DE BELEM ROSEIRA (PS) 4.2%, other 10.8% expected date of next election: January 2026 note: there is also a Council of State that acts as a consultative body to the president

legislature name: Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica) legislative structure: unicameral number of seats: 230 (all directly elected) electoral system: proportional representation scope of elections: full renewal term in office: 4 years most recent election date: 5/18/2025 parties elected and seats per party: Social Democratic Party (PPD/PSD) - Democratic and Social Centre - People's Party (CDS-PP) (88); Chega (CH) (60); Socialist Party (PS) (58); Other (24) percentage of women in chamber: 35.7% expected date of next election: September 2029

highest court(s): Supreme Court or Supremo Tribunal de Justica (consists of 12 justices); Constitutional Court or Tribunal Constitucional (consists of 13 judges) judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court justices nominated by the president and appointed by the Assembly of the Republic; judges can serve for life; Constitutional Court judges - 10 elected by the Assembly and 3 elected by the other Constitutional Court judges; judges elected for 6-year nonrenewable terms subordinate courts: Supreme Administrative Court (Supremo Tribunal Administrativo); Audit Court (Tribunal de Contas); appellate, district, and municipal courts

history: several previous; latest adopted 2 April 1976, effective 25 April 1976 amendment process: proposed by the Assembly of the Republic; adoption requires two-thirds majority vote of Assembly members

ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, CERN, CPLP, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club (associate), PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

2% of GDP (2025 est.) 1.6% of GDP (2024 est.) 1.3% of GDP (2023 est.) 1.4% of GDP (2022 est.) 1.5% of GDP (2021 est.)

Portuguese Armed Forces (For as Armadas Portuguesa): Portuguese Army (Exercito Portuguesa), Portuguese Navy (Marinha Portuguesa; includes Marine Corps, aka Corpo de Fuzileiros or Corps of Fusiliers), Portuguese Air Force (Forca Aerea Portuguesa, FAP) Ministry of Internal Administration: Public Security Police (Pol cia de Seguran a P blica, PSP) , National Republican Guard (Guarda Nacional Republicana, GNR) (2025) note: the PSP has jurisdiction in cities while the GNR has jurisdiction in rural areas; the GNR is a national gendarmerie force comprised of military personnel with law enforcement, internal security, civil defense, disaster response, and coast guard duties; it is responsible to both the Ministry of Internal Administration and to the Ministry of National Defense; it is not part of the Armed Forces, but may be placed under its operational command in the event of a national emergency

18-30 years of age for voluntary or contract military service for men and women (upper age limit varies by military branch, position, role); no compulsory military service (abolished 2004) but conscription possible if insufficient volunteers available; contract service lasts for an initial period of 2-6 years, and can be extended to a maximum of 20 years of service; initial voluntary military service lasts 12 months; reserve obligation to age 35 (2025)

the Portuguese military is responsible for external defense, humanitarian operations, and fulfilling Portugal s commitments to European and international security; maritime security has long been a key component of the military's portfolio, and Portugal has one of the world's oldest navies Portugal was one of the original signers of the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty) in 1949 establishing NATO, and the Alliance forms a key pillar of Portugal s defense policy; Portugal is also a signatory of the EU s Common Security and Defense Policy, and it regularly participates in a variety of EU and NATO, as well as UN deployments around the world; the military s largest commitments include air, ground, and naval forces under NATO-led missions and standing task forces in the Baltics, Eastern Europe, and the Mediterranean Sea; the military also participates in exercises with NATO partners (2025)

the Portuguese Armed Forces have more than 1,100 military personnel deployed around the world engaged in missions supporting the EU, NATO, the UN, and partner nations; key deployments include 225 troops in the Central African Republic under the UN and about 350 troops supporting NATO's forward presence in Lithuania and Romania; it also participates in NATO air policing and maritime patrolling operations (2025)

$448.226 billion (2024 est.) $439.745 billion (2023 est.) $428.547 billion (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

$41,900 (2024 est.) $41,600 (2023 est.) $41,100 (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

1.9% (2024 est.) 2.6% (2023 est.) 7% (2022 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

2.4% (2024 est.) 4.3% (2023 est.) 7.8% (2022 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices

125.7% of GDP (2017 est.) note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

$144.237 billion (2024 est.) $137.934 billion (2023 est.) $126.953 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

$136.976 billion (2024 est.) $133.617 billion (2023 est.) $132.193 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

6.4% (2024 est.) 6.6% (2023 est.) 6.1% (2022 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment

revenues: $112.802 billion (2023 est.) expenditures: $109.044 billion (2023 est.) note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

textiles, clothing, footwear, wood and cork, paper and pulp, chemicals, fuels and lubricants, automobiles and auto parts, base metals, minerals, porcelain and ceramics, glassware, technology, telecommunications; dairy products, wine, other foodstuffs; ship construction and refurbishment; tourism, plastics, financial services, optics

milk, tomatoes, olives, grapes, maize, pork, potatoes, chicken, apples, oranges (2023) note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

total: 10,194,277 (2025 est.) male: 4,831,166 female: 5,363,111

-0.11% (2025 est.)

0-14 years: 12.7% (male 662,419/female 631,284) 15-64 years: 65% (male 3,264,766/female 3,371,087) 65 years and over: 22.3% (2024 est.) (male 908,578/female 1,369,043)

8.03 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

10.92 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

1.78 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

total population: 81.9 years (2024 est.) male: 78.8 years female: 85.2 years

urban population: 67.9% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 0.44% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Portuguese 95%; citizens from Portugal s former colonies in Africa, Asia (Han Chinese), and South America (Brazilian) and other foreign born 5%

Portuguese (official), Mirandese (official, but locally used)

Catholic 68.1%, not applicable 12.9%, no religion 12.0%, no response 2.2%, Protestant 1.8%, other 1.0%; less than 1%: other Christians, Orthodox, Muslim (2021 est.) note: data represent population 15 years of age and older

fish, forests (cork), iron ore, copper, zinc, tin, tungsten, silver, gold, uranium, marble, clay, gypsum, salt, arable land, hydropower

Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

refugees: 71,166 (2024 est.) IDPs: 21 (2024 est.) stateless persons: 31 (2024 est.)

128 (2025)

total: 2,526 km (2020) 1,696 km electrified

total: 888 (2023) by type: bulk carrier 110, container ship 299, general cargo 191, oil tanker 29, other 259

total subscriptions: 12.9 million (2024 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 124 (2024 est.)

percent of population: 86% (2023 est.)