Vietnam

total: 22.8 million (2023 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 23 (2023 est.)

state-controlled broadcast media, with oversight from the Ministry of Information and Communication (MIC); state-controlled national TV provider, Vietnam Television (VTV), has several channels with regional broadcasting centers; law limits access to satellite TV, but many access foreign programming via home satellite equipment; state-controlled Voice of Vietnam, the national radio broadcaster, broadcasts on several channels and is repeated on AM, FM, and shortwave stations (2018)

.vn

percent of population: 78% (2023 est.)

total subscriptions: 2.316 million (2023 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 2 (2023 est.)

total subscriptions: 129 million (2024 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 128 (2024 est.)

rice, vegetables, sugarcane, cassava, maize, pork, fruits, bananas, coconuts, coffee (2023) note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

on food: 34.9% of household expenditures (2023 est.) on alcohol and tobacco: 1.9% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

revenues: $68.818 billion (2022 est.) expenditures: $83.707 billion (2022 est.) note: central government revenues and expenses (excluding grants/extrabudgetary units/social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

$28.047 billion (2024 est.) $25.793 billion (2023 est.) $1.402 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

$34.426 billion (2023 est.) note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

lower middle-income socialist East Asian economy; rapid economic growth since Đổi Mới reforms; strong investment and productivity growth; tourism and manufacturing hub; TPP signatory; declining poverty aside from ethnic minorities; systemic corruption

dong (VND) per US dollar - 24,164.886 (2024 est.) 23,787.319 (2023 est.) 23,271.212 (2022 est.) 23,159.783 (2021 est.) 23,208.368 (2020 est.)

$429.383 billion (2024 est.) $374.986 billion (2023 est.) $385.241 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

broadcasting equipment, garments, integrated circuits, machine parts, footwear (2023) note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

USA 28%, China 20%, Japan 6%, Hong Kong 4%, Germany 3% (2023) note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

$476.388 billion (2024 est.) note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

household consumption: 54.3% (2023 est.) government consumption: 8.8% (2023 est.) investment in fixed capital: 30.1% (2023 est.) investment in inventories: 1.5% (2023 est.) exports of goods and services: 86.5% (2023 est.) imports of goods and services: -78.4% (2023 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

agriculture: 11.9% (2024 est.) industry: 37.6% (2024 est.) services: 42.4% (2024 est.) note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

36.1 (2022 est.) note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

lowest 10%: 2.6% (2022 est.) highest 10%: 28.1% (2022 est.) note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

$398.672 billion (2024 est.) $339.785 billion (2023 est.) $369.746 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

integrated circuits, broadcasting equipment, fabric, plastics, telephones (2023) note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

China 49%, Singapore 6%, Japan 6%, Hong Kong 5%, Taiwan 4% (2023) note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

8.2% (2024 est.) note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

food processing, garments, shoes, machine-building; mining, coal, steel; cement, chemical fertilizer, glass, tires, oil, mobile phones

3.6% (2024 est.) 3.3% (2023 est.) 3.2% (2022 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices

57.133 million (2024 est.) note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

4.3% (2022 est.) note: % of population with income below national poverty line

58.5% of GDP (2017 est.) note: official data; data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

$1.456 trillion (2024 est.) $1.359 trillion (2023 est.) $1.294 trillion (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

7.1% (2024 est.) 5.1% (2023 est.) 8.5% (2022 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

$14,400 (2024 est.) $13,500 (2023 est.) $13,000 (2022 est.) note: data in 2021 dollars

3.2% of GDP (2023 est.) 3.2% of GDP (2022 est.) 3.5% of GDP (2021 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

$83.082 billion (2024 est.) $92.238 billion (2023 est.) $86.54 billion (2022 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

1.5% (2024 est.) 1.7% (2023 est.) 1.6% (2022 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment

total: 6.8% (2024 est.) male: 7% (2024 est.) female: 6.6% (2024 est.) note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

production: 51.519 million metric tons (2023 est.) consumption: 96.099 million metric tons (2023 est.) exports: 815,000 metric tons (2023 est.) imports: 43.637 million metric tons (2023 est.) proven reserves: 3.116 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

installed generating capacity: 85.725 million kW (2023 est.) consumption: 277.501 billion kWh (2023 est.) exports: 933.237 million kWh (2023 est.) imports: 3.106 billion kWh (2023 est.) transmission/distribution losses: 18.197 billion kWh (2023 est.)

electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)

fossil fuels: 50.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) solar: 9.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) wind: 4.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) hydroelectricity: 34.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) biomass and waste: 1.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

40.263 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

production: 7.48 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) consumption: 7.48 billion cubic meters (2023 est.) proven reserves: 699.426 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

total petroleum production: 187,000 bbl/day (2023 est.) refined petroleum consumption: 544,000 bbl/day (2023 est.) crude oil estimated reserves: 4.4 billion barrels (2021 est.)

305.404 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from coal and metallurgical coke: 218.502 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from petroleum and other liquids: 72.383 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.) from consumed natural gas: 14.52 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (May to September) and warm, dry season (October to March)

deforestation and soil degradation from logging and slash-and-burn agriculture; water pollution; overfishing; groundwater contamination limits potable water supply; air pollution

total global geoparks and regional networks: 4 (2025) global geoparks and regional networks: Dak Nong; Dong Van Karst Plateau; Lang Son; Non nuoc Cao Bang (2025)

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

agricultural land: 39.2% (2023 est.) arable land: 21.5% (2023 est.) permanent crops: 15.7% (2023 est.) permanent pasture: 2% (2023 est.) forest: 47% (2023 est.) other: 13.7% (2023 est.)

energy: 806.7 kt (2022-2024 est.) agriculture: 2,146.3 kt (2019-2021 est.) waste: 683.4 kt (2019-2021 est.) other: 40.4 kt (2019-2021 est.)

20.9 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

884.12 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

municipal: 1.206 billion cubic meters (2022 est.) industrial: 3.074 billion cubic meters (2022 est.) agricultural: 77.75 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

urban population: 39.5% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 2.7% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

municipal solid waste generated annually: 9.57 million tons (2024 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 46% (2022 est.)

total : 331,210 sq km land: 310,070 sq km water: 21,140 sq km

about three times the size of Tennessee; slightly larger than New Mexico

tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (May to September) and warm, dry season (October to March)

3,444 km (excludes islands)

highest point: Fan Si Pan 3,144 m lowest point: South China Sea 0 m mean elevation: 398 m

16 10 N, 107 50 E

note 1: extending 1,650 km (1,025 mi) north to south, the country is only 50 km (31 mi) across at its narrowest point note 2: Son Doong in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park is the world's largest cave (greatest cross-sectional area) and is the largest known cave passage in the world by volume at 38.5 million cu m (about 1.35 billion cu ft); it connects to Thoong cave, but not yet officially -- when recognized, it will add an additional 1.6 million cu m; it is so massive that it contains its own jungle, underground river, and localized weather system, with clouds forming inside the cave and spewing from its exits

46,000 sq km (2012)

total: 4,616 km border countries (3): Cambodia 1,158 km; China 1,297 km; Laos 2,161 km

agricultural land: 39.2% (2023 est.) arable land: 21.5% (2023 est.) permanent crops: 15.7% (2023 est.) permanent pasture: 2% (2023 est.) forest: 47% (2023 est.) other: 13.7% (2023 est.)

Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, Gulf of Tonkin, and South China Sea, as well as China, Laos, and Cambodia

S ng Ti n Giang (Mekong) river mouth (shared with China [s], Burma, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia) - 4,350 km; Pearl river source (shared with China [m]) - 2,200 km; Red river mouth (shared with China [s]) - 1,149 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Pacific Ocean drainage: Mekong (805,604 sq km)

Southeast Asia

territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive flooding, especially in the Mekong River delta

antimony, phosphates, coal, manganese, rare earth elements, bauxite, chromate, offshore oil and gas deposits, timber, hydropower, arable land

though it has one of the highest population densities in the world, the population is not evenly dispersed; clustering is heaviest along the South China Sea and Gulf of Tonkin, with the Mekong Delta (in the south) and the Red River Valley (in the north) having the largest concentrations of people

low, flat delta in south and north; central highlands; hilly, mountainous in far north and northwest

58 provinces ( tinh , singular and plural) and 5 municipalities ( thanh pho , singular and plural) provinces: An Giang, Bac Giang, Bac Kan, Bac Lieu, Bac Ninh, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Ben Tre, Binh Dinh, Binh Duong, Binh Phuoc, Binh Thuan, Ca Mau, Cao Bang, Dak Lak, Dak Nong, Dien Bien, Dong Nai, Dong Thap, Gia Lai, Ha Giang, Ha Nam, Ha Tinh, Hai Duong, Hau Giang, Hoa Binh, Hung Yen, Khanh Hoa, Kien Giang, Kon Tum, Lai Chau, Lam Dong, Lang Son, Lao Cai, Long An, Nam Dinh, Nghe An, Ninh Binh, Ninh Thuan, Phu Tho, Phu Yen, Quang Binh, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Quang Ninh, Quang Tri, Soc Trang, Son La, Tay Ninh, Thai Binh, Thai Nguyen, Thanh Hoa, Thua Thien-Hue, Tien Giang, Tra Vinh, Tuyen Quang, Vinh Long, Vinh Phuc, Yen Bai municipalities: Can Tho, Da Nang, Ha Noi (Hanoi), Hai Phong, Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon)

name: Hanoi (Ha Noi) geographic coordinates: 21 02 N, 105 51 E time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) etymology: the name means "inside the river," from the Vietnamese words ha (river) and noi (inside), and refers to its location in a bend of the Red River

citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Vietnam dual citizenship recognized: no residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

history: several previous; latest adopted 28 November 2013, effective 1 January 2014 amendment process: proposed by the president, by the National Assembly s Standing Committee, or by at least two thirds of the National Assembly membership; a decision to draft an amendment requires approval by at least a two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly membership, followed by the formation of a constitutional drafting committee to write a draft and collect citizens opinions; passage requires at least two-thirds majority of the Assembly membership; the Assembly can opt to conduct a referendum

conventional long form: Socialist Republic of Vietnam conventional short form: Vietnam local long form: Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Nghia Viet Nam local short form: Viet Nam former: Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam), Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) abbreviation: SRV etymology: the name translates as "Viet south;" Viet is an ethnic term of unknown origin that dates back to ancient times, and nam (south) refers to the country's location

chief of mission: Ambassador Marc KNAPPER (since 11 February 2022) embassy: 7 Lang Ha Street, Hanoi mailing address: 4550 Hanoi Place, Washington, DC 20521-4550 telephone: [84] (24) 3850-5000 FAX: [84] (24) 3850-5010 email address and website: ACShanoi@state.gov https://vn.usembassy.gov/ consulate(s) general: Ho Chi Minh City

chief of mission: Ambassador Nguyen Quoc DZUNG (since 19 April 2022) chancery: 1233 20th Street NW, Suite 400, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 861-0737 FAX: [1] (202) 861-0917 email address and website: vanphong@vietnamembassy.us http://vietnamembassy-usa.org/ consulate(s) general: Houston, San Francisco consulate(s): New York

chief of state: President Luong CUONG (since 21 Oct 2024) head of government: Prime Minister Pham Minh CHINH (since 26 July 2021) cabinet: Cabinet proposed by the prime minister, confirmed by the National Assembly, and appointed by the president election/appointment process: president indirectly elected by the National Assembly from among its members for a single 5-year term; prime minister recommended by the president and confirmed by the National Assembly; deputy prime ministers appointed by the president and confirmed by the National Assembly note: in August 2024, To LAM was elected general secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam, the country s most powerful position

description: red field with a five-pointed yellow star in the center meaning: red stands for revolution and blood, and the five-pointed star for the five elements of the populace -- peasants, workers, intellectuals, traders, and soldiers -- that unite to build socialism

communist party-led state

2 September 1945 (from France)

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, CICA, CP, EAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (2024)

highest court(s): Supreme People's Court (consists of the chief justice and 13 judges) judge selection and term of office: chief justice elected by the National Assembly upon the recommendation of the president for a 5-year, renewable term; deputy chief justice appointed by the president from among the judges for a 5-year term; judges appointed by the president and confirmed by the National Assembly for 5-year terms subordinate courts: High Courts (administrative, civil, criminal, economic, labor, family, juvenile); provincial courts; district courts; Military Court note: the National Assembly Standing Committee can establish special tribunals on the recommendation of the chief justice

civil law system with European influences

legislature name: National Assembly (Quoc-Hoi) legislative structure: unicameral number of seats: 500 (all directly elected) electoral system: plurality/majority scope of elections: full renewal term in office: 5 years most recent election date: 5/23/2021 parties elected and seats per party: Communist Party (485); Other (14) percentage of women in chamber: 31.4% expected date of next election: March 2026

title: "Tien quan ca" (The Song of the Marching Troops) lyrics/music: Nguyen Van CAO history: adopted as the national anthem of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945; it became the national anthem of the unified Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 1976; only the first verse is used as the official anthem

red, yellow

total World Heritage Sites: 9 (6 cultural, 2 natural, 1 mixed) selected World Heritage Site locales: Complex of Hu Monuments (c); Ha Long Bay (n); Hoi An Ancient Town (c); My Son Sanctuary (c); Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park (n); Imperial Citadel of Thang Long - Hanoi (c); Citadel of the Ho Dynasty (c); Trang An Landscape Complex (m); Yen Tu-Vinh Nghiem-Con Son, Kiep Bac Complex of Monuments and Landscapes (c)

Independence Day (National Day), 2 September (1945)

five-pointed yellow star on a red field, lotus blossom

Communist Party of Vietnam or CPV note: other parties banned

18 years of age; universal

Vietnam's early history included periods of occupation by outside forces and eventual power consolidation under Vietnamese dynastic families. A succession of Han Chinese emperors ruled the area, which was centered on the Red River Valley, until approximately the 10 th century. The Ly Dynasty (11 th -13 th century) created the first independent Vietnamese state, which was known as Dai Viet, and established their capital at Thang Long (Hanoi). Under the Tran Dynasty (13 th -15 th century), TRAN Hung Dao, one of Vietnam s national heroes, led Dai Viet forces to fight off Mongol invaders in 1279. After a brief Chinese occupation in the early 1400s, Vietnamese resistance leader LE Thai To made himself emperor and established the Le Dynasty, which lasted until the late 18 th century despite decades of political turmoil, civil war, and division. During this period, Dai Viet expanded southward to the Central Highlands and Mekong Delta, reaching the approximate boundaries of modern-day Vietnam by the 1750s. Dai Viet suffered additional civil war and division in the latter half of the 18 th century, but it was reunited and renamed Vietnam under Emperor NGUYEN Phuc Anh (aka Gia Long) in 1802. France began its conquest of Vietnam in 1858 and made Vietnam part of French Indochina in 1887. Vietnam declared independence after World War II, but the French continued to rule until communist forces under Ho Chi MINH defeated them in 1954. Under the Geneva Accords of 1954, Vietnam was divided into the communist North and anti-communist South. Fighting erupted between the two governments shortly afterwards with the North supporting communist rebels in the South and eventually committing thousands of combat troops. The US provided to the South significant economic and military assistance, including large numbers of US military forces, which reached a peak strength of over 500,000 troops in 1968. US combat forces were withdrawn following a cease-fire agreement in 1973. Two years later, North Vietnamese forces overran the South, reuniting the country under communist rule. The conflict, known as the Second Indochina War (1955-1975), devastated Vietnam, spilled over into the neighboring countries of Cambodia and Laos, and is estimated to have resulted in the deaths of up to 3 million Vietnamese civilians and soldiers. It also caused more than 58,000 US combat and non-combat deaths and created deep domestic divisions in the US. Despite the return of peace, the country experienced little economic growth for over a decade because of its diplomatic isolation, leadership policies, and the persecution and mass exodus of citizens, many of them successful South Vietnamese merchants. However, since the enactment of Vietnam's "doi moi" (renovation) policy in 1986, the economy has seen strong growth, particularly in agricultural and industrial production, construction, exports, foreign investment, and tourism. Nevertheless, the Communist Party maintains tight political and social control of the country, and Vietnam faces many related challenges, such as rising income inequality and corruption.

since withdrawing its military occupation forces from Cambodia in the late 1980s and the end of Soviet aid in 1991, Vietnam has practiced a non-aligned foreign policy and security doctrine known as the "Four Nos" (no alliances, no siding with one country against another, no foreign bases, and no using force in international relations); despite longstanding tensions with Beijing over maritime boundaries in the South China Sea, Vietnam puts a priority on stable relations with China, given its proximity, size, and status as Vietnam's largest trading partner the responsibilities of the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) include protecting the country's independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity, and national interests, as well as assisting civilian authorities with natural disasters; in recent years, the PAVN has placed additional emphasis on protecting Vietnam's interests in the disputed South China Sea; the military is also involved in economic projects, such as electrical infrastructure, oil and gas services, hydroelectric projects, aviation and seaport services, telecommunications, and the shipbuilding industry, while military-owned factories and enterprises produce weapons and equipment (2025)

People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN; aka Vietnam People's Army, VPA): Ground Forces (Army), Navy (includes naval infantry), Air Defense - Air Force, Vietnam Border Guard, Vietnam Coast Guard Vietnam People's Ministry of Public Security; Vietnam Civil Defense Force (2025) note 1: the People's Public Security Ministry is responsible for internal security and controls the national police, a special national security investigative agency, and other internal security units, including specialized riot police regiments note 2: the Vietnam Coast Guard was established in 1998 as the Vietnam Marine Police and renamed in 2013; Vietnam established a civilian maritime self-defense force in 2010; the Vietnam Department of Fisheries Resources Surveillance (DFIRES; under the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development), established in 2013, is responsible for fisheries enforcement, aquatic conservation roles, and is designated as Vietnam's standing agency for combating illegal, unregulated, and unreported fishing; it is armed, allowed to use force if necessary, and works in tandem with the Vietnam Coast Guard note 3: the PAVN is the military arm of the ruling Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) and responsible to the Central Military Commission (CMC), the highest party organ on military policy; the CMC is led by the CPV General Secretary

approximately 450,000 active-duty People's Army of Vietnam (2025)

200 Abyei/South Sudan/Sudan (UNISFA) (2025)

the PAVN is equipped largely with armaments from Russia and the former Soviet Union; in recent years, Vietnam has moved to diversify its arms suppliers and has acquired items from countries such as India, Israel, the Netherlands, South Korea, and the US; Vietnam has a small defense industry involved in the manufacture of small arms, ground combat vehicles, and naval systems (2025)

1.8% of GDP (2023 est.) 2.3% of GDP (2022 est.) 2.3% of GDP (2021 est.) 2.4% of GDP (2020 est.) 2.3% of GDP (2019 est.)

18-27 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service for men and women (in practice only men are drafted); service obligation is 24-36 months depending on the branch of service (including Coast Guard and Ministry of Public Security) (2025)

0-14 years: 23.2% (male 12,953,719/female 11,579,690) 15-64 years: 68.5% (male 36,591,845/female 35,887,201) 65 years and over: 8.3% (2024 est.) (male 3,563,611/female 5,182,909)

total: 3.41 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) beer: 3.18 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) wine: 0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) spirits: 0.21 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.) other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

14.58 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

women married by age 15: 1.1% (2021) women married by age 18: 14.6% (2021) men married by age 18: 1.9% (2021)

9.7% (2023 est.)

72.8% (2021 est.)

5.81 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

total dependency ratio: 46.4 (2025 est.) youth dependency ratio: 33.6 (2025 est.) elderly dependency ratio: 12.8 (2025 est.) potential support ratio: 7.8 (2025 est.)

urban: 99.1% of population (2022 est.) rural: 97.2% of population (2022 est.) total: 98% of population (2022 est.) urban: 0.9% of population (2022 est.) rural: 2.8% of population (2022 est.) total: 2% of population (2022 est.)

2.9% of GDP (2022 est.) 15.4% national budget (2022 est.)

Kinh (Viet) 85.3%, Tay 1.9%, Thai 1.9%, Muong 1.5%, Khmer 1.4%, Mong 1.4%, Nung 1.1%, other 5.5% (2019 est.) note: 54 ethnic groups are recognized by the Vietnamese Government

0.96 (2025 est.)

4.6% of GDP (2021) 10.7% of national budget (2022 est.)

2.6 beds/1,000 population (2017 est.)

total: 13.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.) male: 14.4 deaths/1,000 live births female: 13.7 deaths/1,000 live births

Vietnamese (official); English (often as a second language); some French, Chinese, and Khmer; mountain-area languages (including Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian) major-language sample(s): Dữ kiện thế giới, l nguồn th ng tin cơ bản kh ng thể thiếu. (Vietnamese) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

total population: 76.1 years (2024 est.) male: 73.5 years female: 78.9 years

total population: 96.1% (2022 est.) male: 97.2% (2022 est.) female: 95.1% (2022 est.)

9.321 million Ho Chi Minh City, 5.253 million HANOI (capital), 1.865 million Can Tho, 1.423 million Hai Phong, 1.221 million Da Nang, 1.111 million Bien Hoa (2023)

48 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

total: 33.5 years (2025 est.) male: 32 years female: 34.2 years

noun: Vietnamese (singular and plural) adjective: Vietnamese

-0.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

2.1% (2016)

1.11 physicians/1,000 population (2021)

total: 106,688,169 (2025 est.) male: 53,597,784 female: 53,090,385

though it has one of the highest population densities in the world, the population is not evenly dispersed; clustering is heaviest along the South China Sea and Gulf of Tonkin, with the Mekong Delta (in the south) and the Red River Valley (in the north) having the largest concentrations of people

0.86% (2025 est.)

Catholic 6.1%, Buddhist 5.8%, Protestant 1%, other 0.8%, none 86.3% (2019 est.) note: most Vietnamese are culturally Buddhist

urban: 99.9% of population (2022 est.) rural: 90.9% of population (2022 est.) total: 94.4% of population (2022 est.) urban: 0.1% of population (2022 est.) rural: 9.1% of population (2022 est.) total: 5.6% of population (2022 est.)

total: 14 years (2022 est.) male: 15 years (2022 est.) female: 14 years (2022 est.)

at birth: 1.1 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.12 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

total: 22% (2025 est.) male: 43.1% (2025 est.) female: 2.1% (2025 est.)

2.01 children born/woman (2025 est.)

urban population: 39.5% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 2.7% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

1980 - first Vietnamese astronaut/cosmonaut into space on Soviet spacecraft 2008 - first telecommunications satellite (VINASAT-1) built by US company and launched on European rocket 2012 - first educational/scientific cube satellite (F-1) built jointly with and launched by Japan; second telecommunications satellite (VINASAT-2) built by US and launched on European rocket 2013 - first domestically built remote-sensing (RS)/technology-demonstrator cube satellite (PicoDragon) launched by Japan; first RS satellite (VNREDSat-1a or Vietnam Natural Resources, Environment, and Disaster Monitoring Satellite) launched on European rocket 2016 - signed an agreement with India to establish a satellite tracking and imaging center in Ho Chi Minh City in exchange for access to Indian RS imagery 2018 - completed National Space Center in Hanoi 2021 - announced a developmental roadmap for producing Made in Vietnam small satellites as part of a larger effort to increase space sciences and technology through 2030; signed an agreement with Japan to increase cooperation on space defense

Vietnam National Space Center (VNSC; established 2011) (2025) note: the VNSC is under the Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology (VAST)

has a growing national space program focused on acquiring, operating, and exploiting satellites, as well as expanding domestic capabilities in satellites and associated sub-system production, space sciences, and technology applications; builds and operates communications and remote sensing satellites; conducting research and development on space science and applied space technologies, such as advanced optics and space data exploitation; has worked closely with Japan on its space program; has also established relationships with the space agencies or commercial space sectors of some European countries (such as France), India, and the US (2025)

refugees: 19 (2024 est.) IDPs: 2,568 (2024 est.) stateless persons: 20,590 (2024 est.)

36 (2025)

VN

26 (2025)

total: 1,973 (2022) by type: bulk carrier 117, container ship 45, general cargo 1,176, oil tanker 134, other 501

total ports: 16 (2024) large: 0 medium: 1 small: 6 very small: 9 ports with oil terminals: 12 key ports: Da Nang, Hai Phong, Nghe Tinh, Nha Trang, Thanh Ho Chi Minh, Vinh Cam Ranh, Vung Tau

total: 2,600 km (2014) standard gauge: 178 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge; 253 km mixed gauge narrow gauge: 2,169 km (2014) 1.000-m gauge