Marshall Islands

total: 1,000 (2020 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 2 (2020 est.)

no TV broadcast station; a cable network is available on Majuro with programming via videotape replay and satellite relays; 4 radio broadcast stations; American Armed Forces Radio and Television Service (AFRTS) provides satellite radio and television service to Kwajalein Atoll (2019)

Kwajalein hosts one of four dedicated ground antennas that assist in the operation of the Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation system (the others are at Cape Canaveral, Florida (US), on Ascension (Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha), and at Diego Garcia (British Indian Ocean Territory))

.mh

total: 16,254 (2021 est.) percent of population: 38.7% (2021 est.)

general assessment: the National Telecommunications Act, through Bill No. 66, ushered in a new era in telecommunications in the Marshall Islands; this will enable an open, competitive market for telecommunications that is regulated by a Telecommunications Commissioner; telecom officials announced that they would be able to offer satellite internet services beginning in mid-2023; the World Bank has been promoting telecommunications reform here for a decade and has a multi-million-dollar telecommunications reform grant program in progress (2022) domestic: fixed-line roughly 5 per 100 persons and mobile-cellular is nearly 38 per 100 persons (2021) international: country code - 692; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean); US Government satellite communications system on Kwajalein

total subscriptions: 2,361 (2014 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 5 (2014 est.)

total subscriptions: 16,000 (2021 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 38 (2021 est.)

coconuts

revenues: $148 million (2019 est.) expenditures: $153 million (2019 est.)

1.3% (of GDP) (2013 est.)

-$1.182 million (2020 est.) $56.998 million (2019 est.) $53.031 million (2018 est.)

$97.96 million (2013 est.) $87 million (2008 est.)

upper middle-income Pacific island economy; US aid reliance; large public sector; coconut oil production as diesel fuel substitute; growing offshore banking locale; fishing rights seller; import-dependent

the US dollar is used

$1.37 billion (2021 est.) $773 million (2020 est.) $1.17 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

ships, recreational boats, skipjack, tuna, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment (2021)

Denmark 33%, South Korea 20%, Germany 15%, Poland 9%, Cyprus 4% (2021)

1 October - 30 September

$222 million (2017 est.)

government consumption: 50% (2016 est.) investment in fixed capital: 17.8% (2016 est.) investment in inventories: 0.2% (2016 est.) exports of goods and services: 52.9% (2016 est.) imports of goods and services: -102.3% (2016 est.)

agriculture: 4.4% (2013 est.) industry: 9.9% (2013 est.) services: 85.7% (2013 est.)

35.5 (2019 est.)

lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA

$10.7 billion (2021 est.) $12 billion (2020 est.) $9.1 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

ships, refined petroleum, centrifuges, recreational boats, boat propellers (2019)

South Korea 33%, China 30%, Japan 11%, Greece 3%, Cyprus 3% (2021)

-3.66% (2021 est.) NA

copra, tuna processing, tourism, craft items (from seashells, wood, and pearls)

0% (2017 est.) -1.5% (2016 est.)

10,670 (2013 est.)

NA

41.71% of GDP (2019 est.) 44.14% of GDP (2018 est.) 47.95% of GDP (2017 est.)

$250.694 million (2021 est.) $247.93 million (2020 est.) $252.582 million (2019 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars

1.11% (2021 est.) -1.84% (2020 est.) 10.84% (2019 est.)

$6,000 (2021 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars $5,700 (2020 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars $5,600 (2019 est.)

17.16% (of GDP) (2020 est.)

36% (2006 est.) 30.9% (2000 est.)

total: 26% (2019 est.) male: 31% female: 14.2%

293,700 metric tonnes of CO2 (2017 est.)

electrification - total population: 99.7% (2021) electrification - urban areas: 96% (2021) electrification - rural areas: 92% (2020)

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

2,060 bbl/day (2015 est.)

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

particulate matter emissions: 7.21 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.) carbon dioxide emissions: 0.14 megatons (2016 est.) methane emissions: 0.03 megatons (2020 est.)

tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November; islands border typhoon belt

inadequate supplies of potable water; pollution of Majuro lagoon from household waste and discharges from fishing vessels; sea level rise

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

agricultural land: 50.7% (2018 est.) arable land: 7.8% (2018 est.) permanent crops: 31.2% (2018 est.) permanent pasture: 11.7% (2018 est.) forest: 49.3% (2018 est.) other: 0% (2018 est.)

0% of GDP (2018 est.)

0 cubic meters (2017 est.)

urban population: 78.9% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

municipal solid waste generated annually: 8,614 tons (2013 est.) municipal solid waste recycled annually: 2,653 tons (2007 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 30.8% (2007 est.)

total: 181 sq km land: 181 sq km water: 0 sq km note: the archipelago includes 11,673 sq km of lagoon waters and encompasses the atolls of Bikini, Enewetak, Kwajalein, Majuro, Rongelap, and Utirik

about the size of Washington, DC

tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November; islands border typhoon belt

370.4 km

highest point: East-central Airik Island, Maloelap Atoll 14 m lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m mean elevation: 2 m

9 00 N, 168 00 E

the islands of Bikini and Enewetak are former US nuclear test sites; Kwajalein atoll, famous as a World War II battleground, surrounds the world's largest lagoon and is used as a US missile test range; the island city of Ebeye is the second largest settlement in the Marshall Islands, after the capital of Majuro, and one of the most densely populated locations in the Pacific

0 sq km (2022)

total: 0 km

agricultural land: 50.7% (2018 est.) arable land: 7.8% (2018 est.) permanent crops: 31.2% (2018 est.) permanent pasture: 11.7% (2018 est.) forest: 49.3% (2018 est.) other: 0% (2018 est.)

Oceania, consists of 29 atolls and five isolated islands in the North Pacific Ocean, about halfway between Hawaii and Australia; the atolls and islands are situated in two, almost-parallel island chains - the Ratak (Sunrise) group and the Ralik (Sunset) group; the total number of islands and islets is about 1,225; 22 of the atolls and four of the islands are uninhabited

Oceania

territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

infrequent typhoons

coconut products, marine products, deep seabed minerals

most people live in urban clusters found on many of the country's islands; more than two-thirds of the population lives on the atolls of Majuro and Ebeye

low coral limestone and sand islands

24 municipalities; Ailinglaplap, Ailuk, Arno, Aur, Bikini Kili, Ebon, Enewetak Ujelang, Jabat, Jaluit, Kwajalein, Lae, Lib, Likiep, Majuro, Maloelap, Mejit, Mili, Namorik, Namu, Rongelap, Ujae, Utrik, Wotho, Wotje

name: Majuro; note - the capital is an atoll of 64 islands; governmental buildings are housed on three fused islands on the eastern side of the atoll: Djarrit, Uliga, and Delap geographic coordinates: 7 06 N, 171 23 E time difference: UTC+12 (17 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) etymology: Majuro means "two openings" or "two eyes" and refers to the two major northern passages through the atoll into the Majuro lagoon

citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of the Marshall Islands dual citizenship recognized: no residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

history: effective 1 May 1979 amendments: proposed by the National Parliament or by a constitutional convention; passage by Parliament requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the total membership in each of two readings and approval by a majority of votes in a referendum; amendments submitted by a constitutional convention require approval of at least two thirds of votes in a referendum; amended several times, last in 2018

conventional long form: Republic of the Marshall Islands conventional short form: Marshall Islands local long form: Republic of the Marshall Islands local short form: Marshall Islands former: Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Marshall Islands District abbreviation: RMI etymology: named after British Captain John MARSHALL, who charted many of the islands in 1788

chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Lance POSEY (since 18 August 2023) embassy: Mejen Weto, Ocean Side, Majuro mailing address: 4380 Majuro Place, Washington DC 20521-4380 telephone: [692] 247-4011 FAX: [692] 247-4012 email address and website: MAJConsular@state.gov https://mh.usembassy.gov/

chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charg d Affaires Dixie LOMAE (since 1 September 2023) chancery: 2433 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 234-5414 FAX: [1] (202) 232-3236 email address and website: info@rmiembassyus.org https://www.rmiembassyus.org/ consulate(s) general: Honolulu, Springdale (AR)

chief of state: President David KABUA (since 13 January 2020); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President David KABUA (since 13 January 2020) cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the president from among members of the Nitijela, appointed by Nitijela speaker elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by the Nitijela from among its members for a 4-year term (no term limits); election last held on 6 January 2020 (next to be held in 2024) election results: David KABUA elected president; National Parliament vote - David KABUA 20, Hilda C. HEINE 12

blue with two stripes radiating from the lower hoist-side corner - orange (top) and white; a white star with four large rays and 20 small rays appears on the hoist side above the two stripes; blue represents the Pacific Ocean, the orange stripe signifies the Ralik Chain or sunset and courage, while the white stripe signifies the Ratak Chain or sunrise and peace; the star symbolizes the cross of Christianity, each of the 24 rays designates one of the electoral districts in the country and the four larger rays highlight the principal cultural centers of Majuro, Jaluit, Wotje, and Ebeye; the rising diagonal band can also be interpreted as representing the equator, with the star showing the archipelago's position just to the north

mixed presidential-parliamentary system in free association with the US

21 October 1986 (from the US-administered UN trusteeship)

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

ACP, ADB, AOSIS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, WHO

highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and 2 associate justices) judge selection and term of office: judges appointed by the Cabinet upon the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission (consists of the chief justice of the High Court, the attorney general and a private citizen selected by the Cabinet) and upon approval of the Nitijela; the current chief justice, appointed in 2013, serves for 10 years; Marshallese citizens appointed as justices serve until retirement at age 72 subordinate courts: High Court; District Courts; Traditional Rights Court; Community Courts

mixed legal system of US and English common law, customary law, and local statutes

description: unicameral National Parliament consists of: Nitijela (33 seats; members in 19 single- and 5 multi-seat constituencies directly elected by simple majority vote to serve 4-year terms); note - the Council of Iroij, a 12-member group of tribal leaders advises the Presidential Cabinet and reviews legislation affecting customary law or any traditional practice); members appointed to serve 1-year terms elections: last held on 18 November 2019 (next to be held on 20 November 2023) election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - independent 33; composition - men 31, women 2, percent of women 6.1%

name: "Forever Marshall Islands" lyrics/music: Amata KABUA note: adopted 1981

total World Heritage Sites: 1 (cultural) selected World Heritage Site locales: Bikini Atoll Nuclear Test Site

Constitution Day, 1 May (1979)

a 24-rayed star; national colors: blue, white, orange

traditionally there have been no formally organized political parties; what has existed more closely resembles factions or interest groups because they do not have party headquarters, formal platforms, or party structures

18 years of age; universal

Humans arrived in the Marshall Islands in the first millennium B.C. and gradually created permanent settlements on the various atolls. The early inhabitants were skilled navigators who frequently traveled between atolls using stick charts to map the islands. Society became organized under two paramount chiefs, one each for the Ratak (Sunrise) Chain and the Ralik (Sunset) Chain. The traditional hierarchy continued even after contact with Europeans in the early 1500s. Spain formally claimed the islands in 1592, but few other Europeans passed by the islands in the next two centuries. In 1788, British sea captain John MARSHALL undertook an exploratory voyage, and the islands were mapped in the early 1800s by Russian explorers. In the 1850s, US Protestant missionaries began arriving on the islands. Germany established a supply station on Jaluit Atoll and bought the islands from Spain in 1884, although paramount chiefs continued to rule. Japan seized the Marshall Islands in 1914 and was granted a League of Nations Mandate to administer the islands in 1920. Japan built large military bases throughout the Marshall Islands, and during World War II, the US captured the bases on Kwajalein, Enewetak, and Majuro Atolls. The Marshall Islands came under US administration as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI) in 1947. Between 1946 and 1958, the US resettled populations from Bikini and Enewetak Atolls and conducted 67 nuclear tests; people from Ailinginae and Rongelap Atolls were also evacuated because of nuclear fallout, and all four atolls remain largely uninhabited. In 1979, the Marshall Islands drafted a constitution separate from the rest of the TTPI and declared independence under President Amata KABUA, a paramount chief. In 2000, Kessai NOTE became the first commoner elected president. In 2016, Hilda HEINE was the first woman elected president. In 1982, the Marshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association (COFA) with the US, which granted the Marshall Islands financial assistance and access to many US domestic programs in exchange for exclusive US military access and defense responsibilities; the COFA entered into force in 1986 and its funding was renewed in 2003. The Marshall Islands hosts the US Army Kwajalein Atoll Reagan Missile Test Site, a key installation in the US missile defense network. Kwajalein also hosts one of four dedicated ground antennas that assist in the operation of the Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation system (the others are at Cape Canaveral, Florida (US), on Ascension (Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha), and at Diego Garcia (British Indian Ocean Territory)).

defense is the responsibility of the US the Marshall Islands have a "shiprider" agreement with the US, which allows local maritime law enforcement officers to embark on US Coast Guard (USCG) and US Navy (USN) vessels, including to board and search vessels suspected of violating laws or regulations within its designated exclusive economic zone (EEZ) or on the high seas; "shiprider" agreements also enable USCG personnel and USN vessels with embarked USCG law enforcement personnel to work with host nations to protect critical regional resources (2023)

no regular military forces; the national police (Marshall Islands Police Department, MIPD), local police forces, and the Sea Patrol (maritime police) maintain internal security; the MIPD and Sea Patrol report to the Ministry of Justice; local police report to their respective local government councils (2023)

0-14 years: 30.65% (male 12,642/female 12,175) 15-64 years: 63.83% (male 26,237/female 25,445) 65 years and over: 5.52% (2023 est.) (male 2,187/female 2,280)

21.6 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

11.9% (2017)

NA

13% of GDP (2020)

68.3% (2022 est.)

4.3 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

total dependency ratio: 59.9 youth dependency ratio: 53 elderly dependency ratio: 6.8 potential support ratio: 14.7 (2021)

improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 99.8% of population total: 100% of population unimproved: urban: 0% of population rural: 0.2% of population total: 0% of population (2020 est.)

13.6% of GDP (2020 est.)

Marshallese 95.6%, Filipino 1.1%, other 3.3% (2021 est.)

1.33 (2023 est.)

2.7 beds/1,000 population

total: 21.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.) male: 24.6 deaths/1,000 live births female: 17.5 deaths/1,000 live births

Marshallese (official) 98.2%, other languages 1.8% (1999 est.) major-language sample(s): Bok eo an Lalin kin Melele ko Rejimwe ej jikin ebōk melele ko raurōk. (Marshallese) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. note: English (official), widely spoken as a second language

total population: 74.9 years (2023 est.) male: 72.7 years female: 77.3 years

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 98.3% male: 98.3% female: 98.2% (2011)

31,000 MAJURO (capital) (2018)

total: 25.1 years (2023 est.) male: 25 years female: 25.2 years

noun: Marshallese (singular and plural) adjective: Marshallese

-4.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

52.9% (2016)

0.42 physicians/1,000 population (2012)

80,966 (2023 est.)

most people live in urban clusters found on many of the country's islands; more than two-thirds of the population lives on the atolls of Majuro and Ebeye

1.3% (2023 est.)

Protestant 79.3% (United Church of Christ 47.9%, Assembly of God 14.1%, Full Gospel 5%, Bukot Nan Jesus 3%, Salvation Army 2.3%, Reformed Congressional Church 2.2%, Seventh Day Adventist 1.7%, New Beginning Church 1.4%, other Protestant 1.6%), Roman Catholic 9.3%, Church of Jesus Christ 5.7%, Jehovah's Witness 1.3%, other 3.3%, none 1.1% (2021 est.)

improved: urban: 96.6% of population rural: 65.4% of population total: 89.7% of population unimproved: urban: 3.4% of population rural: 34.6% of population total: 10.3% of population (2020 est.)

total: 10 years male: 10 years female: 10 years (2019)

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.96 male(s)/female total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2023 est.)

total: 28.5% (2020 est.) male: 48.7% (2020 est.) female: 8.3% (2020 est.)

2.72 children born/woman (2023 est.)

urban population: 78.9% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Marshall Islands-US : claims US territory of Wake Island; the Marshall Islands put its claim on record with the UN in 2016

tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List Marshall Islands does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; officials identified a labor trafficking victim, conducted awareness-raising activities, and continued to investigate a government official allegedly complicit in trafficking; however, the government did not demonstrate overall increasing efforts, compared with the previous reporting period, to expand its anti-trafficking capacity; the government did not prosecute any traffickers for the third consecutive year and has not convicted any traffickers since 2011; officials did not use standard operating procedures to identify trafficking victims and penalized victims for immigration offenses committed as a direct result of being trafficked; law enforcement officials, who have a limited understanding of trafficking, did not receive anti-trafficking training, nor did the government provide adequate financial and technical resources for anti-trafficking efforts; therefore, Marshall Islands was downgraded to Tier 2 Watch List (2023) trafficking profile: human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims in the Marshall lslands, as well as Marshallese victims abroad; traffickers, including hotel and bar staff and family members, recruit and transport Marshallese and East Asian women and girls and exploit them in sex trafficking in the Marshall Islands with foreign construction workers and crew members of foreign fishing and commercial ships; traffickers exploit some foreign fishermen under conditions indicative of forced labor on ships in Marshallese waters; foreign women, including some Chinese nationals, are recruited with promises of work, are forced into commercial sex in establishments frequented by crew members of China-affiliated and other foreign fishing vessels; traffickers exploit Chinese nationals in Chinese-owned businesses; some wealthier or more powerful family members use traditional cultural practices to exploit impoverished Marshallese from outer Islands to serve as indentured labor; limited reports indicate some Marshallese searching for work in the US experience indicators of trafficking, such as passport confiscation, excessive work hours, and fraudulent recruitment, while some Marshallese children are transported to the US and exploited in situations of sexual abuse with indicators of sex trafficking (2023)

15 (2021)

4 note: paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the typical length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)

11 note: unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control

V7

total: 4,042 (2022) by type: bulk carrier 1,879 container ship 276, general cargo 62, oil tanker 1023, other 802

number of registered air carriers: 1 (2020) inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 3 annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 24,313 (2018) annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 130,000 (2018) mt-km

major seaport(s): Enitwetak Island, Kwajalein, Majuro

total: 2,028 km (2007) paved: 75 km (2007) unpaved: 1,953 km