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Communications

Broadband - fixed subscriptions [time series]

total: 8,650 (2017 est.) | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: less than 1 (2017 est.)

Broadcast media [time series]

state-run TV station; 3 private TV stations provide a mix of local and foreign programming; state-run radio has only radio station with national coverage; about 30 private radio stations operate locally; as many as 100 community radio stations broadcast; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2007)

Internet country code [time series]

.ne

Internet users [time series]

total: 805,702 (July 2016 est.) | percent of population: 4.3% (July 2016 est.)

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

general assessment: inadequate; small system of wire, radio telephone communications, and microwave radio relay links concentrated in southwestern Niger (2016) | domestic: combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity remains only about 50 per 100 persons despite a rapidly increasing cellular subscribership base; domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations and 1 planned (2016) | international: country code - 227; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) (2016)

Telephones - fixed lines [time series]

total subscriptions: 114,352 (2017 est.) | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 1 (2017 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

total subscriptions: 8,778,884 (2017 est.) | subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 46 (2017 est.)

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

cowpeas, cotton, peanuts, millet, sorghum, cassava (manioc, tapioca), rice; cattle, sheep, goats, camels, donkeys, horses, poultry

Budget [time series]

revenues: 1.757 billion (2017 est.) | expenditures: 2.171 billion (2017 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) [time series]

-5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Central bank discount rate [time series]

4.25% (31 December 2015) | 4.25% (31 December 2014)

Commercial bank prime lending rate [time series]

5.4% (31 December 2017 est.) | 5.3% (31 December 2016 est.)

Current account balance [time series]

-$1.16 billion (2017 est.) | -$1.181 billion (2016 est.)

Debt - external [time series]

$3.728 billion (31 December 2017 est.) | $2.926 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income (Distribution of family income - Gini index) [time series]

34 (2014) | 50.5 (1995)

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

Niger is a landlocked, sub-Saharan nation, whose economy centers on subsistence crops, livestock, and some of the world's largest uranium deposits. Agriculture contributes approximately 40% of GDP and provides livelihood for over 80% of the population. The UN ranked Niger as the second least developed country in the world in 2016 due to multiple factors such as food insecurity, lack of industry, high population growth, a weak educational sector, and few prospects for work outside of subsistence farming and herding. Since 2011 public debt has increased due to efforts to scale-up public investment, particularly that related to infrastructure, as well as due to increased security spending. The government relies on foreign donor resources for a large portion of its fiscal budget. The economy in recent years has been hurt by terrorist activity near its uranium mines and by instability in Mali and in the Diffa region of the country; concerns about security have resulted in increased support from regional and international partners on defense. Low uranium prices, demographics, and security expenditures may continue to put pressure on the government’s finances. The Government of Niger plans to exploit oil, gold, coal, and other mineral resources to sustain future growth. Although Niger has sizable reserves of oil, the prolonged drop in oil prices has reduced profitability. Food insecurity and drought remain perennial problems for Niger, and the government plans to invest more in irrigation. Niger’s three-year $131 million IMF Extended Credit Facility (ECF) agreement for the years 2012-15 was extended until the end of 2016. In February 2017, the IMF approved a new 3-year $134 million ECF. In June 2017, The World Bank’s International Development Association (IDA) granted Niger $1 billion over three years for IDA18, a program to boost the country’s development and alleviate poverty. A $437 million Millennium Challenge Account compact for Niger, commencing in FY18, will focus on large-scale irrigation infrastructure development and community-based, climate-resilient agriculture, while promoting sustainable increases in agricultural productivity and sales. Formal private sector investment needed for economic diversification and growth remains a challenge, given the country’s limited domestic markets, access to credit, and competitiveness. Although President ISSOUFOU is courting foreign investors, including those from the US, as of April 2017, there were no US firms operating in Niger. In November 2017, the National Assembly passed the 2018 Finance Law that was geared towards raising government revenues and moving away from international support.

Exchange rates [time series]

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - | 605.3 (2017 est.) | 593.01 (2016 est.) | 593.01 (2015 est.) | 591.45 (2014 est.) | 494.42 (2013 est.)

Exports [time series]

$4.143 billion (2017 est.) | $1.101 billion (2016 est.)

Exports - commodities [time series]

uranium ore, livestock, cowpeas, onions

Exports - partners [time series]

France 30.2%, Thailand 18.3%, Malaysia 9.9%, Nigeria 8.3%, Mali 5%, Switzerland 4.9% (2017)

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year

GDP (official exchange rate) [time series]

$8.224 billion (2017 est.) (2017 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP (purchasing power parity)) [time series]

$21.86 billion (2017 est.) | $20.84 billion (2016 est.) | $19.87 billion (2015 est.) | note: data are in 2017 dollars

GDP - composition, by end use [time series]

household consumption: 70.2% (2017 est.) | government consumption: 9.4% (2017 est.) | investment in fixed capital: 38.6% (2017 est.) | investment in inventories: 0% (2017 est.) | exports of goods and services: 16.4% (2017 est.) | imports of goods and services: -34.6% (2017 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin [time series]

agriculture: 41.6% (2017 est.) | industry: 19.5% (2017 est.) | services: 38.7% (2017 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita (PPP)) [time series]

$1,200 (2017 est.) | $1,100 (2016 est.) | $1,100 (2015 est.) | note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

4.9% (2017 est.) | 4.9% (2016 est.) | 4.3% (2015 est.)

Gross national saving [time series]

22.4% of GDP (2017 est.) | 20.6% of GDP (2016 est.) | 21.2% of GDP (2015 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: 26.8% (2014) | highest 10%: 26.8% (2014)

Imports [time series]

$1.829 billion (2017 est.) | $1.715 billion (2016 est.)

Imports - commodities [time series]

foodstuffs, machinery, vehicles and parts, petroleum, cereals

Imports - partners [time series]

France 28.8%, China 14.4%, Malaysia 5.7%, Nigeria 5.4%, Thailand 5.3%, US 5.1%, India 4.9% (2017)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

6% (2017 est.)

Industries [time series]

uranium mining, petroleum, cement, brick, soap, textiles, food processing, chemicals, slaughterhouses

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

2.4% (2017 est.) | 0.2% (2016 est.)

Labor force [time series]

6.5 million (2017 est.)

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture: 79.2% | industry: 3.3% | services: 17.5% (2012 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares [time series]

Population below poverty line [time series]

45.4% (2014 est.)

Public debt [time series]

45.3% of GDP (2017 est.) | 45.2% of GDP (2016 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold [time series]

$1.314 billion (31 December 2017 est.) | $1.186 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Stock of broad money [time series]

$1.804 billion (31 December 2017 est.) | $1.511 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Stock of domestic credit [time series]

$1.506 billion (31 December 2017 est.) | $1.196 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Stock of narrow money [time series]

$1.804 billion (31 December 2017 est.) | $1.511 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Taxes and other revenues [time series]

21.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Unemployment rate [time series]

0.3% (2017 est.) | 0.3% (2016 est.)

Energy

Carbon dioxide emissions (Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy) [time series]

2.534 million Mt (2017 est.)

Crude oil - exports [time series]

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude oil - imports [time series]

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude oil - production [time series]

11,000 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves [time series]

150 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.)

Electricity - consumption [time series]

1.065 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - exports [time series]

0 kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels [time series]

95% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants [time series]

0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels [time series]

0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources [time series]

5% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - imports [time series]

779 million kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity [time series]

184,000 kW (2016 est.)

Electricity - production [time series]

494.7 million kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity access [time series]

population without electricity: 15.2 million (2013) | electrification - total population: 15% (2013) | electrification - urban areas: 62% (2013) | electrification - rural areas: 4% (2013)

Natural gas - consumption [time series]

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - exports [time series]

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - imports [time series]

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - production [time series]

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves [time series]

0 cu m (1 January 2016 est.)

Refined petroleum products - consumption [time series]

14,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports [time series]

5,422 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports [time series]

3,799 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production [time series]

15,280 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 1.267 million sq km | land: 1,266,700 sq km | water: 300 sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly less than twice the size of Texas

Climate [time series]

desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south

Coastline [time series]

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation [time series]

mean elevation: 474 m | elevation extremes: 200 m lowest point: Niger River | 2022 highest point: Idoukal-n-Taghes

Environment - current issues [time series]

overgrazing; soil erosion; deforestation; desertification; contaminated water; inadequate potable water; wildlife populations (such as elephant, hippopotamus, giraffe, and lion) threatened because of poaching and habitat destruction

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands | signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Geographic coordinates [time series]

16 00 N, 8 00 E

Geography - note [time series]

landlocked; one of the hottest countries in the world; northern four-fifths is desert, southern one-fifth is savanna, suitable for livestock and limited agriculture

Irrigated land [time series]

1,000 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 5,834 km | border countries (7): Algeria 951 km, Benin 277 km, Burkina Faso 622 km, Chad 1196 km, Libya 342 km, Mali 838 km, Nigeria 1608 km

Land use [time series]

agricultural land: 35.1% (2011 est.) | arable land: 12.3% (2011 est.) / permanent crops: 0.1% (2011 est.) / permanent pasture: 22.7% (2011 est.) | forest: 1% (2011 est.) | other: 63.9% (2011 est.)

Location [time series]

Western Africa, southeast of Algeria

Map references [time series]

Africa

Maritime claims [time series]

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards [time series]

recurring droughts

Natural resources [time series]

uranium, coal, iron ore, tin, phosphates, gold, molybdenum, gypsum, salt, petroleum

Population distribution [time series]

majority of the populace is located in the southernmost extreme of the country along the border with Nigeria and Benin

Terrain [time series]

predominately desert plains and sand dunes; flat to rolling plains in south; hills in north

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

7 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 capital district* (communaute urbaine); Agadez, Diffa, Dosso, Maradi, Niamey*, Tahoua, Tillaberi, Zinder

Capital [time series]

name: Niamey | geographic coordinates: 13 31 N, 2 07 E | time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship [time series]

citizenship by birth: no | citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Niger | dual citizenship recognized: yes | residency requirement for naturalization: unknown

Constitution [time series]

history: several previous; passed by referendum 31 October 2010, entered into force 25 November 2010 (2017) | amendments: proposed by the president of the republic or by the National Assembly; consideration of amendments requires at least three-fourths majority vote by the Assembly; passage requires at least four-fifths majority vote; if disapproved, the proposed amendment is dropped or submitted to a referendum; constitutional articles on the form of government, the multiparty system, the separation of state and religion, disqualification of Assembly members, amendment procedures, and amnesty of participants in the 2010 coup cannot be amended; amended 2011 (2017)

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: Republic of Niger | conventional short form: Niger | local long form: Republique du Niger | local short form: Niger | etymology: named for the Niger River that passes through the southwest of the country; from a native term "Ni Gir" meaning "River Gir" | note: pronounced nee-zher

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Eric P. WHITAKER (since 26 January 2018) | embassy: BP 11201, Rue Des Ambassades, Niamey | mailing address: 2420 Niamey Place, Washington DC 20521-2420 | telephone: [227] 20-72-26-61 | FAX: [227] 20-73-55-60

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador Hassana ALIDOU (since 23 February 2015) | chancery: 2204 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 | telephone: [1] (202) 483-4224 through 4227 | FAX: [1] (202) 483-3169

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President ISSOUFOU Mahamadou (since 7 April 2011) | head of government: Prime Minister Brigi RAFINI (since 7 April 2011) | cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president | elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 21 February 2016 with a runoff on 20 March 2016 (next to be held in 2021); prime minister appointed by the president, authorized by the National Assembly | election results: ISSOUFOU Mahamadou reelected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - ISSOUFOU Mahamadou (PNDS-Tarrayya) 48.6%, Hama AMADOU (MODEN/FA Lumana Africa) 17.8%, Seini OUMAROU (MNSD-Nassara) 11.3%, other 22.3%; percent of vote in second round - ISSOUFOU Mahamadou 92%, Hama AMADOU 8%

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a small orange disk centered in the white band; the orange band denotes the drier northern regions of the Sahara; white stands for purity and innocence; green symbolizes hope and the fertile and productive southern and western areas, as well as the Niger River; the orange disc represents the sun and the sacrifices made by the people | note: similar to the flag of India, which has a blue spoked wheel centered in the white band

Government type [time series]

semi-presidential republic

Independence [time series]

3 August 1960 (from France)

International law organization participation [time series]

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation [time series]

ACP, AfDB, AU, CD, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch [time series]

highest courts: Constitutional Court (consists of 7 judges); High Court of Justice (consists of 7 members) | judge selection and term of office: Constitutional Court judges nominated/elected - 1 by the president of the Republic, 1 by the president of the National Assembly, 2 by peer judges, 2 by peer lawyers, 1 law professor by peers, and 1 from within Nigerien society; all appointed by the president; judges serve 6-year nonrenewable terms with one-third of membership renewed every 2 years; High Judicial Court members selected from among the legislature and judiciary; members serve 5-year terms | subordinate courts: Court of Cassation; Council of State; Court of Finances; various specialized tribunals and customary courts

Legal system [time series]

mixed legal system of civil law (based on French civil law), Islamic law, and customary law

Legislative branch [time series]

description: unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (171 seats; 158 members directly elected from 8 multi-member constituencies in 7 regions and Niamey by party-list proportional representation, 8 reserved for minorities elected in special single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote, 5 seats reserved for Nigeriens living abroad - l seat per continent - elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote; members serve 5-year terms); note - the number of National Assembly seats increased from 113 to 171 in the February 2016 legislative election | elections: last held on 21 February 2016 (next to be held in 2021) | election results: percent of vote by party - PNDS-Tarrayya 44.1%, MODEN/FA Lumana 14.7%, MNSD-Nassara 11.8%, MPR-Jamhuriya 7.1%, MNRD Hankuri-PSDN Alheri 3.5%, MPN-Kishin Kassa 2.9%, ANDP-Zaman Lahiya 2.4%, RSD-Gaskiya 2.4%, CDS-Rahama 1.8%, CPR-Inganci 1.8%, RDP-Jama'a 1.8%, AMEN AMIN 1.8%, other 3.9%; seats by party - PNDS-Tarrayya 75, MODEN/FA Lumana 25, MNSD-Nassara 20, MPR-Jamhuriya 12, MNRD Hankuri-PSDN Alheri 6, MPN-Kishin Kassa 5, ANDP-Zaman Lahiya 4, RSD-Gaskiya 4, CDS-Rahama 3, CPR-Inganci 3, RDP-Jama'a 3, RDP-Jama'a 3, AMEN AMIN 3, other 8

National anthem(s) (National anthem) [time series]

name: "La Nigerienne" (The Nigerien) | lyrics/music: Maurice Albert THIRIET/Robert JACQUET and Nicolas Abel Francois FRIONNET | note: adopted 1961

National holiday [time series]

Republic Day, 18 December (1958); note - commemorates the founding of the Republic of Niger which predated independence from France in 1960

National symbol(s) [time series]

zebu; national colors: orange, white, green

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

Alliance of Movements for the Emergence of Niger or AMEN AMIN [Omar Hamidou TCHIANA] Congress for the Republic or CPR-Inganci [Kassoum MOCTAR] Democratic Alliance for Niger or ADN-Fusaha [Habi Mahamadou SALISSOU] Democratic and Social Convention-Rahama or CDS-Rahama [Abdou LABO] National Movement for the Development of Society-Nassara or MNSD-Nassara [Seini OUMAROU] Nigerien Alliance for Democracy and Progress-Zaman Lahiya or ANDP-Zaman Lahiya [Moussa Moumouni DJERMAKOYE] Nigerien Democratic Movement for an African Federation or MODEN/FA Lumana [Hama AMADOU] Nigerien Movement for Democratic Renewal or MNRD-Hankuri [Mahamane OUSMANE] Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism or PNDS-Tarrayya [Mahamadou ISSOUFOU] Nigerien Patriotic Movement or MPN-Kishin Kassa [Ibrahim YACOUBA] Party for Socialism and Democracy in Niger or PSDN-Alheri Patriotic Movement for the Republic or MPR-Jamhuriya [Albade ABOUBA] Rally for Democracy and Progress-Jama'a or RDP-Jama'a [Hamid ALGABID] Social and Democratic Rally or RSD-Gaskiyya [Amadou CHEIFFOU] Social Democratic Party or PSD-Bassira [Mohamed BEN OMAR] Union for Democracy and the Republic-Tabbat or UDR-Tabbat [Amadou Boubacar CISSE] | note: the SPLM and SPLM-DC are banned political parties

Suffrage [time series]

18 years of age; universal

Introduction

Background [time series]

Niger became independent from France in 1960 and experienced single-party and military rule until 1991, when Gen. Ali SAIBOU was forced by public pressure to allow multiparty elections, which resulted in a democratic government in 1993. Political infighting brought the government to a standstill and in 1996 led to a coup by Col. Ibrahim BARE. In 1999, BARE was killed in a counter coup by military officers who restored democratic rule and held elections that brought Mamadou TANDJA to power in December of that year. TANDJA was reelected in 2004 and in 2009 spearheaded a constitutional amendment allowing him to extend his term as president. In February 2010, military officers led a coup that deposed TANDJA and suspended the constitution. ISSOUFOU Mahamadou was elected in April 2011 following the coup and reelected to a second term in early 2016. Niger is one of the poorest countries in the world with minimal government services and insufficient funds to develop its resource base. The largely agrarian and subsistence-based economy is frequently disrupted by extended droughts common to the Sahel region of Africa. A Tuareg rebellion emerged in 2007 and ended in 2009. Niger is facing increased security concerns on its borders from various external threats including insecurity in Libya, spillover from the conflict in Mali, and violent extremism in northeastern Nigeria.

Military and Security

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Nigerien Armed Forces (Forces Armees Nigeriennes, FAN): Army, Nigerien Air Force (Force Aerienne du Niger) (2012)

Military expenditures [time series]

4% of GDP (2016) | 5.46% of GDP (2015) | 3.45% of GDP (2014) | 1.06% of GDP (2012) | 1.31% of GDP (2011)

Military service age and obligation [time series]

18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory or voluntary military service; enlistees must be Nigerien citizens and unmarried; 2-year service term; women may serve in health care (2017)

People and Society

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 48.68% (male 4,878,031 /female 4,793,021) | 15-24 years: 19.36% (male 1,899,879 /female 1,945,806) | 25-54 years: 26.02% (male 2,581,597 /female 2,587,913) | 55-64 years: 3.3% (male 340,032 /female 315,142) | 65 years and over: 2.64% (male 268,072 /female 256,738) (2018 est.) | population pyramid: The World Factbook Field Image Modal × Africa :: Niger Print Image Description This is the population pyramid for Niger. A population pyramid illustrates the age and sex structure of a country's population and may provide insights about political and social stability, as well as economic development. The population is distributed along the horizontal axis, with males shown on the left and females on the right. The male and female populations are broken down into 5-year age groups represented as horizontal bars along the vertical axis, with the youngest age groups at the bottom and the oldest at the top. The shape of the population pyramid gradually evolves over time based on fertility, mortality, and international migration trends. For additional information, please see the entry for Population pyramid on the Definitions and Notes page under the References tab.

Birth rate [time series]

43.6 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight [time series]

31.7% (2016)

Contraceptive prevalence rate [time series]

18.9% (2017)

Death rate [time series]

11.5 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Demographic profile [time series]

Niger has the highest total fertility rate (TFR) of any country in the world, averaging close to 7 children per woman in 2016. A slight decline in fertility over the last few decades has stalled. This leveling off of the high fertility rate is in large part a product of the continued desire for large families. In Niger, the TFR is lower than the desired fertility rate, which makes it unlikely that contraceptive use will increase. The high TFR sustains rapid population growth and a large youth population – almost 70% of the populace is under the age of 25. Gender inequality, including a lack of educational opportunities for women and early marriage and childbirth, also contributes to high population growth. Because of large family sizes, children are inheriting smaller and smaller parcels of land. The dependence of most Nigeriens on subsistence farming on increasingly small landholdings, coupled with declining rainfall and the resultant shrinkage of arable land, are all preventing food production from keeping up with population growth. For more than half a century, Niger's lack of economic development has led to steady net outmigration. In the 1960s, Nigeriens mainly migrated to coastal West African countries to work on a seasonal basis. Some headed to Libya and Algeria in the 1970s to work in the booming oil industry until its decline in the 1980s. Since the 1990s, the principal destinations for Nigerien labor migrants have been West African countries, especially Burkina Faso and Cote d’Ivoire, while emigration to Europe and North America has remained modest. During the same period, Niger’s desert trade route town Agadez became a hub for West African and other sub-Saharan migrants crossing the Sahara to North Africa and sometimes onward to Europe. More than 60,000 Malian refugees have fled to Niger since violence between Malian government troops and armed rebels began in early 2012. Ongoing attacks by the Boko Haram Islamist insurgency, dating to 2013 in northern Nigeria and February 2015 in southeastern Niger, have pushed tens of thousands of Nigerian refugees and Nigerien returnees across the border to Niger and to displace thousands of locals in Niger’s already impoverished Diffa region.

Dependency ratios [time series]

total dependency ratio: 111.6 (2015 est.) | youth dependency ratio: 106.2 (2015 est.) | elderly dependency ratio: 5.4 (2015 est.) | potential support ratio: 18.6 (2015 est.)

Drinking water source [time series]

Education expenditure (Education expenditures) [time series]

6% of GDP (2015)

Ethnic groups [time series]

Hausa 53.1%, Zarma/Songhai 21.2%, Tuareg 11%, Fulani (Peul) 6.5%, Kanuri 5.9%, Gurma 0.8%, Arab 0.4%, Tubu 0.4%, other/unavailable 0.9% (2006 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate [time series]

0.3% (2017 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths [time series]

1,800 (2017 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS [time series]

36,000 UNAIDS, AIDSinfo Online Database, 2017, 7/31/18 (2017 est.)

Health expenditure (Health expenditures) [time series]

5.8% of GDP (2014)

Infant mortality rate [time series]

total: 79.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.) | male: 83.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.) | female: 75 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)

Languages [time series]

French (official), Hausa, Djerma

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 56.3 years (2018 est.) | male: 55 years (2018 est.) | female: 57.7 years (2018 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2015 est.) | total population: 19.1% (2015 est.) | male: 27.3% (2015 est.) | female: 11% (2015 est.)

Major infectious diseases [time series]

degree of risk: very high (2016) | food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever (2016) | vectorborne diseases: malaria and dengue fever (2016) | water contact diseases: schistosomiasis (2016) | animal contact diseases: rabies (2016) | respiratory diseases: meningococcal meningitis (2016)

Major urban areas - population [time series]

1.214 million NIAMEY (capital) (2018)

Maternal mortality ratio (Maternal mortality rate) [time series]

553 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)

Median age [time series]

total: 15.5 years | male: 15.4 years | female: 15.7 years (2018 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth [time series]

18.1 years (2012 est.) | note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

Nationality [time series]

noun: Nigerien(s) | adjective: Nigerien

Net migration rate [time series]

-0.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate [time series]

5.5% (2016)

Physician density (Physicians density) [time series]

0.02 physicians/1,000 population (2008)

Population [time series]

19,866,231 (July 2018 est.)

Population distribution [time series]

majority of the populace is located in the southernmost extreme of the country along the border with Nigeria and Benin

Population growth rate [time series]

3.16% (2018 est.)

Religions [time series]

Muslim 99.3%, Christian .3%, animist .2%, none .1% (2012 est.)

Sanitation facility access [time series]

improved: urban: 37.9% of population (2015 est.) | rural: 4.6% of population (2015 est.) | total: 10.9% of population (2015 est.) | unimproved: urban: 62.1% of population (2015 est.) | rural: 95.4% of population (2015 est.) | total: 89.1% of population (2015 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) [time series]

total: 5 years (2012) | male: 6 years (2012) | female: 5 years (2012)

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female (2017 est.) | 0-14 years: 1.02 male(s)/female (2017 est.) | 15-24 years: 0.98 male(s)/female (2017 est.) | 25-54 years: 1 male(s)/female (2017 est.) | 55-64 years: 1.08 male(s)/female (2017 est.) | 65 years and over: 1.04 male(s)/female (2017 est.) | total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

6.35 children born/woman (2018 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) (Unemployment, youth ages 15-24) [time series]

total: 0.5% (2011 est.) | male: 0.8% (2011 est.) | female: 0.2% (2011 est.)

Urbanization [time series]

urban population: 16.4% of total population (2018) | rate of urbanization: 4.27% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Terrorism

Terrorist group(s) (Terrorist groups - foreign based) [time series]

al-Mulathamun Battalion: aim(s): replace several African governments, including Niger's government, with an Islamic state area(s) of operation: conducts attacks against Nigerien military and security personnel; targets Westerners for kidnappings for ransom (November 2018) | al-Qa'ida-affiliated Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM): aim(s): establish an Islamic state centered in Mali area(s) of operation: primarily based in northern and central Mali; targets Western and local interests in West Africa and Sahel; has claimed responsibility for attacks in Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso note: pledged allegiance to al-Qa'ida and AQIM; holds Western hostages; wages attacks against security and peacekeeping forces in Mali (April 2018) | Boko Haram: aim(s): establish an Islamic caliphate across Africa area(s) of operation: conducts kidnappings, bombings, and assaults; responsible for displacing thousands of people and contributing to food insecurity note: violently opposes any political or social activity associated with Western society, including voting, attending secular schools, and wearing Western dress (April 2018)

Terrorist group(s) (Terrorist groups - home based) [time series]

Islamic State of Iraq and ash-sham networks in the Greater Sahara (ISGS): aim(s): replace regional governments with an Islamic state area(s) of operation: mostly concentrated along the Mali-Niger border region; targets primarily security forces (April 2018) | Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)-West Africa: aim(s): implement ISIS's strict interpretation of Sharia; replace the Nigerian Government with an Islamic state area(s) of operation: based primarily in the southeast along the border with Nigeria, with its largest presence in northeast Nigeria and the Lake Chad region; targets primarily regional military installations, especially in the southeastern Diffa region (April 2018)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

Libya claims about 25,000 sq km in a currently dormant dispute in the Tommo regionlocation of Benin-Niger-Nigeria tripoint is unresolvedonly Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty that also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundariesthe dispute with Burkina Faso was referred to the ICJ in 2010

Refugees and internally displaced persons [time series]

refugees (country of origin): 118,868 (Nigeria), 57,300 (Mali) (2018) | IDPs: 104,288 (unknown how many of the 11,000 people displaced by clashes between government forces and the Tuareg militant group, Niger Movement for Justice, in 2007 are still displaced; inter-communal violence; Boko Haram attacks in southern Niger, 2015) (2018)

Transportation

Airports [time series]

30 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 10 (2017) | 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 (2017) | 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 (2017) | 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2017)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 20 (2013) | 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 (2013) | 914 to 1,523 m: 15 (2013) | under 914 m: 2 (2013)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix [time series]

5U (2016)

Heliports [time series]

1 (2013)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 2 (2017) | by type: oil tanker 1, other 1 (2017)

National air transport system [time series]

number of registered air carriers: 2 (2015) | inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 2 (2015) | annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 15,242 (2015) | annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 0 mt-km (2015)

Pipelines [time series]

464 km oil

Roadways [time series]

total: 18,949 km (2010) | paved: 3,912 km (2010) | unpaved: 15,037 km (2010)

Waterways [time series]

300 km (the Niger, the only major river, is navigable to Gaya between September and March) (2012)