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Communications

Internet users (Internet Service Providers (ISPs)) [time series]

2 (2002)

Internet country code [time series]

.sd

Internet users [time series]

56,000 (2002)

Broadcast media (Radio broadcast stations) [time series]

AM 12, FM 1, shortwave 1 (1998)

Telecommunication systems (Telephone system) [time series]

general assessment: large, well-equipped system by regional standards and being upgraded; cellular communications started in 1996 and have expanded substantially domestic: consists of microwave radio relay, cable, radiotelephone communications, tropospheric scatter, and a domestic satellite system with 14 earth stations international: satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat (2000)

Telephones - fixed lines (Telephones - main lines in use) [time series]

400,000 (2000)

Telephones - mobile cellular [time series]

20,000 (2000)

Broadcast media (Television broadcast stations) [time series]

3 (1997)

Economy

Agricultural products (Agriculture - products) [time series]

cotton, groundnuts (peanuts), sorghum, millet, wheat, gum arabic, sugarcane, cassava (tapioca), mangos, papaya, bananas, sweet potatoes, sesame; sheep, livestock

Budget [time series]

revenues: $1.6 billion expenditures: $1.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2001 est.)

Exchange rates (Currency) [time series]

Sudanese dinar (SDD)

Exchange rates (Currency code) [time series]

SDD

Debt - external [time series]

$15.8 billion (2002 est.)

Economic aid (Economic aid - recipient) [time series]

$187 million (1997)

Economic overview (Economy - overview) [time series]

Sudan has turned around a struggling economy with sound economic policies and infrastructure investments, but it still faces formidable economic problems, notably the low level of per capita output. From 1997 to date, Sudan has been implementing IMF macroeconomic reforms. In 1999 Sudan began exporting crude oil and in the last quarter of 1999 recorded its first trade surplus, which, along with monetary policy, has stabilized the exchange rate. Increased oil production, revived light industry, and expanded export processing zones helped maintain GDP growth at 5.1% in 2002. Agriculture production remains Sudan's most important sector, employing 80% of the work force and contributing 43% of GDP, but most farms remain rain-fed and susceptible to drought. Chronic domestic instability, lagging reforms, adverse weather, and weak world agricultural prices - but, above all, the low starting point - ensure that much of the population will remain at or below the poverty line for years.

Electricity - consumption [time series]

2.222 billion kWh (2001)

Electricity - exports [time series]

0 kWh (2001)

Electricity - imports [time series]

0 kWh (2001)

Electricity - production [time series]

2.389 billion kWh (2001)

Electricity - production by source [time series]

fossil fuel: 52.1% hydro: 47.9% other: 0% (2001) nuclear: 0%

Exchange rates [time series]

Sudanese dinars per US dollar - 263.31 (2002), 258.7 (2001), 257.12 (2000), 252.55 (1999), 200.8 (1998)

Exports [time series]

$1.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Exports - commodities [time series]

oil and petroleum products; cotton, sesame, livestock, groundnuts, gum arabic, sugar

Exports - partners [time series]

China 55.7%, Japan 14%, Saudi Arabia 4.9% (2002)

Fiscal year [time series]

calendar year

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) (GDP) [time series]

purchasing power parity - $52.9 billion (2002 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin (GDP - composition by sector) [time series]

agriculture: 43% industry: 17% services: 40% (1999 est.)

Real GDP per capita (GDP - per capita) [time series]

purchasing power parity - $1,400 (2002 est.)

Real GDP growth rate (GDP - real growth rate) [time series]

5.1% (2002 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share [time series]

lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Imports [time series]

$1.5 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Imports - commodities [time series]

foodstuffs, manufactured goods, refinery and transport equipment, medicines and chemicals, textiles, wheat

Imports - partners [time series]

China 19.7%, Saudi Arabia 7.4%, Germany 5.5%, India 5.5%, UK 5.4%, Indonesia 4.7%, Australia 4% (2002)

Industrial production growth rate [time series]

8.5% (1999 est.)

Industries [time series]

oil, cotton ginning, textiles, cement, edible oils, sugar, soap distilling, shoes, petroleum refining, pharmaceuticals, armaments, automobile/light truck assembly

Inflation rate (consumer prices) [time series]

9.2% (2002 est.)

Labor force [time series]

11 million (1996 est.)

Labor force - by occupation [time series]

agriculture 80%, industry and commerce 7%, government 13% (1998 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves [time series]

99.11 billion cu m (37257)

Oil - consumption [time series]

50,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports [time series]

NA (2001)

Oil - imports [time series]

NA (2001)

Oil - production [time series]

209,100 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - proved reserves [time series]

631.5 million bbl (37257)

Population below poverty line [time series]

NA%

Unemployment rate [time series]

18.7% (2002 est.)

Geography

Area [time series]

total: 2,505,810 sq km water: 129,810 sq km land: 2.376 million sq km

Area - comparative [time series]

slightly more than one-quarter the size of the US

Climate [time series]

tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season varies by region (April to November)

Coastline [time series]

853 km

Elevation (Elevation extremes) [time series]

lowest point: Red Sea 0 m highest point: Kinyeti 3,187 m

Environment - current issues [time series]

inadequate supplies of potable water; wildlife populations threatened by excessive hunting; soil erosion; desertification; periodic drought

International environmental agreements (Environment - international agreements) [time series]

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geographic coordinates [time series]

15 00 N, 30 00 E

Geography - note [time series]

largest country in Africa; dominated by the Nile and its tributaries

Irrigated land [time series]

19,500 sq km (1998 est.)

Land boundaries [time series]

total: 7,687 km border countries: Central African Republic 1,165 km, Chad 1,360 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 628 km, Egypt 1,273 km, Eritrea 605 km, Ethiopia 1,606 km, Kenya 232 km, Libya 383 km, Uganda 435 km

Land use [time series]

arable land: 7.03% permanent crops: 0.08% other: 92.89% (1998 est.)

Location [time series]

Northern Africa, bordering the Red Sea, between Egypt and Eritrea

Map references [time series]

Africa

Maritime claims [time series]

contiguous zone: 18 NM continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation territorial sea: 12 NM

Natural hazards [time series]

dust storms and periodic persistent droughts

Natural resources [time series]

petroleum; small reserves of iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold, hydropower

Terrain [time series]

generally flat, featureless plain; mountains in far south, northeast and west; desert dominates the north

Government

Administrative divisions [time series]

26 states (wilayat, singular - wilayah); A'ali an Nil, Al Bahr al Ahmar, Al Buhayrat, Al Jazirah, Al Khartum, Al Qadarif, Al Wahdah, An Nil al Abyad, An Nil al Azraq, Ash Shamaliyah, Bahr al Jabal, Gharb al Istiwa'iyah, Gharb Bahr al Ghazal, Gharb Darfur, Gharb Kurdufan, Janub Darfur, Janub Kurdufan, Junqali, Kassala, Nahr an Nil, Shamal Bahr al Ghazal, Shamal Darfur, Shamal Kurdufan, Sharq al Istiwa'iyah, Sinnar, Warab

Capital [time series]

Khartoum

Constitution [time series]

12 April 1973, suspended following coup of 6 April 1985; interim constitution of 10 October 1985 suspended following coup of 30 June 1989; new constitution implemented on 30 June 1998 partially suspended 12 December 1999 by President BASHIR

Country name [time series]

conventional long form: Republic of the Sudan conventional short form: Sudan local short form: As-Sudan local long form: Jumhuriyat as-Sudan former: Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

Diplomatic representation from the US [time series]

US Embassy in Khartoum is located on Sharia Abdul Latif Avenue; mailing address - P. O. Box 699, Khartoum; APO AE 09829; telephone - [249] (11) 774611 or 774700; FAX - [249] (11) 774137

Diplomatic representation in the US [time series]

chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge D'Affairs, Ad Interim Khidir Haroun AHMED (since April 2001) telephone: [1] (202) 338-8565 FAX: [1] (202) 667-2406 chancery: 2210 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

Executive branch [time series]

chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR (since 16 October 1993); First Vice President Ali Uthman Muhammad TAHA (since 17 February 1998), Second Vice President Moses MACHAR (since 12 February 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 13-23 December 2000 (next to be held NA 2005) note: Lt. Gen. al-BASHIR assumed supreme executive power in 1989 and retained it through several transitional governments in the early and mid-1990s before being popularly elected for the first time in March 1996 election results: Lt. Gen. Umar Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR reelected president; percent of vote - Umar Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR 86.5%, Ja'afar Muhammed NUMAYRI 9.6%, three other candidates received a combined vote of 3.9%; election widely viewed as rigged; all popular opposition parties boycotted elections because of a lack of guarantees for a free and fair election cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president; note - the National Congress Party or NCP (formerly the National Islamic Front or NIF) dominates al-BASHIR's cabinet head of government: President Lt. Gen. Umar Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR (since 16 October 1993); First Vice President Ali Uthman Muhammad TAHA (since 17 February 1998), Second Vice President Moses MACHAR (since 12 February 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

Flag (Flag description) [time series]

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist side

Government type [time series]

authoritarian regime - ruling military junta took power in 1989; government is run by an alliance of the military and the National Congress Party (NCP), formerly the National Islamic Front (NIF), which espouses an Islamist platform

Independence [time series]

1 January 1956 (from Egypt and UK)

International organization participation [time series]

ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNU, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)

Judicial branch [time series]

Supreme Court; Special Revolutionary Courts

Legal system [time series]

based on English common law and Islamic law; as of 20 January 1991, the now defunct Revolutionary Command Council imposed Islamic law in the northern states; Islamic law applies to all residents of the northern states regardless of their religion; some separate religious courts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Legislative branch [time series]

unicameral National Assembly (360 seats; 270 popularly elected, 90 elected by supra assembly of interest groups known as National Congress; members serve four-year terms) elections: last held 13-22 December 2000 (next to be held NA December 2004) note: on 12 December 1999, BASHIR dismissed the National Assembly during an internal power struggle between the president and the speaker of the National Assembly Hassan al-TURABI election results: NCP 355, others 5

National holiday [time series]

Independence Day, 1 January (1956)

Political parties (Political parties and leaders) [time series]

the government allows political "associations" under a 1998 law revised in 2000; to obtain government approval parties must accept the constitution and refrain from advocating or using violence against the regime; approved parties include the National Congress Party or NCP [Ibrahim Ahmed UMAR], Popular National Congress or PNC [Hassan al-TURABI], and over 20 minor, pro-government parties

Political parties (Political pressure groups and leaders) [time series]

Democratic Unionist Party [Muhammed Uthman AL-MIRGHANI]; National Congress Party [Ibrahim Ahmed UMAR]; National Democratic Alliance [Muhammed Uthman AL-MIRGHANI, chairman]; Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army [Dr. John GARANG]; Umma [Sadiq al-MAHDI]

Suffrage [time series]

17 years of age; universal, but noncompulsory

Introduction

Background [time series]

Military regimes favoring Islamic-oriented governments have dominated national politics since independence from the UK in 1956. Sudan has been embroiled in a civil war for all but 10 years of this period (1972-82). The wars are rooted in northern economic, political, and social domination of non-Muslim, non-Arab southern Sudanese. Since 1983, the war and war- and famine-related effects have led to more than 2 million deaths and over 4 million people displaced. The ruling regime is a mixture of military elite and an Islamist party that came to power in a 1989 coup. Some northern opposition parties have made common cause with the southern rebels and entered the war as a part of an anti-government alliance. Peace talks gained momentum in 2002-03 with the signing of several accords, including a cease-fire agreement.

Military

Military and security forces (Military branches) [time series]

Army, Navy, Air Force, Popular Defense Force Militia

Military expenditures - dollar figure [time series]

$581 million (2001 est.)

Military expenditures (Military expenditures - percent of GDP) [time series]

2.5% (1999)

Military manpower - availability [time series]

males age 15-49: 9,032,834 (2003 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service [time series]

males age 15-49: 5,558,462 (2003 est.)

Military manpower - military age [time series]

18 years of age (2003 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually [time series]

males: 429,334 (2003 est.)

People

Age structure [time series]

0-14 years: 44% (male 8,562,412; female 8,195,201) 15-64 years: 53.8% (male 10,260,581; female 10,246,045) 65 years and over: 2.2% (male 468,898; female 381,023) (2003 est.)

Birth rate [time series]

36.48 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)

Death rate [time series]

9.59 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)

Ethnic groups [time series]

black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1%

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate [time series]

2.6% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths [time series]

23,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS [time series]

450,000 (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate [time series]

total: 65.59 deaths/1,000 live births female: 64.85 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.) male: 66.3 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages [time series]

Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English note: program of "Arabization" in process

Life expectancy at birth [time series]

total population: 57.73 years male: 56.59 years female: 58.93 years (2003 est.)

Literacy [time series]

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 61.1% male: 71.8% female: 50.5% (2003 est.)

Median age [time series]

total: 17.7 years male: 17.5 years female: 17.9 years (2002)

Nationality [time series]

noun: Sudanese (singular and plural) adjective: Sudanese

Net migration rate [time series]

0.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.)

Population [time series]

38,114,160 (July 2003 est.)

Population growth rate [time series]

2.71% (2003 est.)

Religions [time series]

Sunni Muslim 70% (in north), indigenous beliefs 25%, Christian 5% (mostly in south and Khartoum)

Sex ratio [time series]

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 1.23 male(s)/female total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2003 est.)

Total fertility rate [time series]

5.1 children born/woman (2003 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international [time series]

the north-south civil war has drawn Sudan's neighbors into the fighting, sheltering refugees, and infiltration by rebel groups - Kenya and Uganda have acted as mediators; Sudan accuses Eritrea of supporting Sudanese rebel groups; efforts to demarcate the porous boundary with Ethiopia have been delayed by fighting in Sudan; Kenya's administrative boundary still extends into the Sudan, creating the "Ilemi triangle"; Egypt and Sudan retain claims to administer the triangular areas that extend north and south of the 1899 Treaty boundary along the 22nd Parallel, but have withdrawn their military presence; Egypt is economically developing the "Hala'ib triangle"

Transportation

Airports [time series]

63 (2002)

Airports - with paved runways [time series]

total: 12 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 8 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 (2002)

Airports - with unpaved runways [time series]

total: 51 under 914 m: 10 (2002) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 17 914 to 1,523 m: 24

Heliports [time series]

2 (2002)

Roadways (Highways) [time series]

total: 11,900 km paved: 4,320 km unpaved: 7,580 km (1999 est.)

Merchant marine [time series]

total: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 29,854 GRT/39,084 DWT ships by type: cargo 1, livestock carrier 1, roll on/roll off 2 (2002 est.)

Pipelines [time series]

gas 156 km; oil 2,297 km; refined products 810 km (2003)

Ports (Ports and harbors) [time series]

Juba, Khartoum, Kusti, Malakal, Nimule, Port Sudan, Sawakin

Railways [time series]

total: 5,978 km narrow gauge: 4,578 km 1.067-m gauge; 1,400 km 0.600-m gauge plantation line (2002)

Waterways [time series]

5,310 km