ARCHIVE // CS // 1992
Serbia and Montenegro
1992 Edition — dissolved
Communications
Airports
[time series]
NA
Civil air
[time series]
NA
Roadways
(Highways)
[time series]
46,019 km total (1990); 26,949 km paved, 10,373 km gravel, 8,697 km earth
Waterways
(Inland waterways)
[time series]
NA km
Merchant marine
[time series]
43 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 866,915 GRT/1,449,094 DWT; includes 19 cargo, 5 container, 16 bulk carriers, 2 combination/ore carrier and 1 passenger ship, under Serbian and Montenegrin flag; note - Montenegro also operates 3 bulk carriers under the flags of Panama and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Pipelines
[time series]
crude oil 415 km, petroleum products 130 km, natural gas 2,110 km
Ports
[time series]
maritime - Bar; inland - Belgrade
Railways
(Railroads)
[time series]
NA
Telecommunication systems
(Telecommunications)
[time series]
700,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 26 AM, 9 FM, 18 TV; 2,015,000 radios; 1,000,000 TVs; satellite ground stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
Defense Forces
Military and security forces
(Branches)
[time series]
Army, Navy, and Air Forces
Military expenditures
(Defense expenditures)
[time series]
$NA, NA% of GDP
Manpower availability
[time series]
males 15-49, 2,545,357; NA fit for military service; 96,832 reach military age (18) annually (est.)
Economy
Agricultural products
(Agriculture)
[time series]
the fertile plains of Vojvodina produce 80% of the cereal production of the former Yugoslavia and most of the cotton, oilseeds, and chicory; Vojvodina also produces fodder crops to support intensive beef and dairy production; Serbia proper, although hilly, has a well-distributed rainfall and a long growing season; produces fruit, grapes, and cereals; in this area, livestock production (sheep and cattle) and dairy farming prosper; Kosovo province produces fruits, vegetables, tobacco, and a small amount of cereals; the mountainous pastures of Kosovo and Montenegro support sheep and goat husbandry; Montenegro has only a small agriculture sector, mostly near the coast where a Mediterranean climate permits the culture of olives, citrus, grapes, and rice
Budget
[time series]
NA
Exchange rates
(Currency)
[time series]
Yugoslav New Dinar (plural - New Dinars); 1 Yugo New Dinar (YD) = 100 paras
Economic aid
[time series]
NA
Electricity
[time series]
8,633,000 kW capacity; 34,600 million kWh produced, 3,496 kWh per capita (1991)
Exchange rates
[time series]
Yugoslav New Dinars (YD) per US $1 - 28.230 (December 1991), 15.162 (1990), 15.528 (1989), 0.701 (1988), 0.176 (1987)
Exports
[time series]
$4.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990) commodities: machinery and transport equipment 29%, manufactured goods 28.5%, miscellaneous manufactured articles 13.5%, chemicals 11%, food and live animals 9%, raw materials 6%, fuels and lubricants 2%, beverages and tobacco 1% partners: principally the other former Yugoslav republics; Italy, Germany, other EC, the former USSR, East European countries, US
Debt - external
(External debt)
[time series]
$4.2 billion (may assume some part of foreign debt of former Yugoslavia)
Fiscal year
[time series]
calendar year
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
(GDP)
[time series]
exchange rate conversion - $44 billion, per capita $4,200; real growth rate NA% (1990)
Illicit drugs
[time series]
NA
Imports
[time series]
$6.4 billion (c.i.f., 1990) commodities: machinery and transport equipment 26%, fuels and lubricants 18%, manufactured goods 16%, chemicals 12.5%, food and live animals 11%, miscellaneous manufactured items 8%, raw materials, including coking coal for the steel industry, 7%, beverages, tobacco, and edible oils 1.5% partners: principally the other former Yugoslav republics; the former USSR, EC countries (mainly Italy and Germany), East European countries, US
Industrial production growth rate
(Industrial production)
[time series]
growth rate -20% or greater (1991 est.)
Industries
[time series]
machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; armored vehicles and weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery), metallurgy (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium), mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone), consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances), electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
[time series]
60% per month
Economic overview
(Overview)
[time series]
The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation has been accompanied by bloody ethnic warfare, the destabilization of republic boundaries, and the breakup of important interrepublic trade flows. The situation in Serbia and Montenegro remains fluid in view of the extensive political and military strife. This new state faces major economic problems. First, like the other former Yugoslav republics, Serbia and Montenegro depended on their sister republics for large amounts of foodstuffs, energy supplies, and manufactures. Wide varieties in climate, mineral resources, and levels of technology among the six republics accentuated this interdependence, as did the Communist practice of concentrating much industrial output in a small number of giant plants. The breakup of many of the trade links, the sharp drop in output as industrial plants lost suppliers and markets, and the destruction of physical assets in the fighting all have contributed to the economic difficulties of the republics. One singular factor in the economic situation of Serbia and Montenegro is the continuation in office of a Communist government that is primarily interested in political and military mastery, not economic reform. A further complication is the major economic sanctions by the leading industrial nations.
Unemployment rate
[time series]
25-40%
Geography
Climate
[time series]
in the north, continental climate - cold winter and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall; central portion, continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland
Coastline
[time series]
199 km; Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 km
Area - comparative
(Comparative area)
[time series]
slightly larger than Kentucky; note - Serbia is slightly larger than Maine while Montenegro is slightly larger than Connecticut
Disputes - international
(Disputes)
[time series]
Sandzak region bordering northern Montenegro and southeastern Serbia - Muslims seeking autonomy; Vojvodina taken from Hungary and awarded to the former Yugoslavia (Serbia) by Treaty of Trianon in 1920; disputes with Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia over Serbian populated areas; Albanian minority in Kosovo seeks independence from Serbian Republic
Environment - current issues
(Environment)
[time series]
coastal water pollution from sewage outlets, especially in tourist related areas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution along Danube from industrial waste dump into the Sava which drains into the Danube; subject to destructive earthquakes
Area
(Land area)
[time series]
102,136 km2: note - Serbia has a total area and a land area of 88,412 km2 while Montenegro has a total area of 13,938 km2 and a land area of 13,724 km2
Land boundaries
[time series]
2,234 km total; Albania 287 km (114 km with Serbia, 173 km with Montenegro), Bosnia and Hercegovina 527 km (312 km with Serbia, 215 km with Montenegro), Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 239 km, Croatia (south) 15 km, Hungary 151 km, Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km; note - the internal boundary between Montenegro and Serbia is 211 km
Land use
[time series]
arable land 30%; permanent crops 5%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest and woodland 25%; other 20%; includes irrigated 5%
Maritime claims
[time series]
none - landlocked Contiguous zone: NA nm Continental shelf: NA meter depth Exclusive fishing zone: NA nm Exclusive economic zone: NA nm Territorial sea: 12 nm
Natural resources
[time series]
oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite, chrome
Note
[time series]
controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast
Terrain
[time series]
extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountain and hills; to the southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off the coast; home of largest lake in former Yugoslavia, Lake Scutari
Area
(Total area)
[time series]
102,350 km2
Government
Administrative divisions
[time series]
2 provinces (pokajine, singular - pokajina); and 2 automous provinces*; Kosovo*, Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina*
Capital
[time series]
Belgrade
Political parties
(Communists)
[time series]
NA
Constitution
[time series]
NA April 1992
Diplomatic representation in the US
(Diplomatic representation)
[time series]
none; US does not recognize Serbia and Montenegro
Executive branch
(Elections)
[time series]
President: NA Parliament: last held 4 June 1992 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (138 total) former Community Party 73, Radical Party 33, other 32
Executive branch
[time series]
president, vice president, prime minister, deputy prime minister
Flag
[time series]
NA
Independence
[time series]
NA April 1992
Judicial branch
[time series]
NA
Executive branch
(Leaders)
[time series]
Chief of State: President Dobric COSIC (since NA), Vice President Branko KOSTIC (since July 1991); note - Slobodan MILOSEVIC is president of Serbia Head of Government: Prime Minister Milan PANIC (since 14 July 1992), Deputy Prime Minister Aleksandr MITROVIC (since March 1989)
Legal system
[time series]
based on civil law system
Legislative branch
[time series]
Parliament
Country name
(Long-form name)
[time series]
none
International organization participation
(Member of)
[time series]
CSCE, UN
National holiday
[time series]
NA
Political parties
(Other political or pressure groups)
[time series]
NA
Political parties
(Political parties and leaders)
[time series]
former Communisty Party, Slobodan MILOSEVIC; Serbian Radical Party, Vojislav SESELJ; Serbian Renewal Party, Vok DRASKOVIC
Suffrage
[time series]
at age 16 if employed, universal at age 18
Government type
(Type)
[time series]
republic
People
Birth rate
[time series]
NA births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate
[time series]
NA deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Ethnic groups
(Ethnic divisions)
[time series]
Serbs 63%, Albanians 14%, Montenegrins 6%, Hungarians 4%
Infant mortality rate
[time series]
NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Labor force
[time series]
2,640,909; industry, mining 40%, agriculture 5% (1990)
Languages
[time series]
Serbo-Croatian 100%
Life expectancy at birth
[time series]
Serbia - 70.11 years male, 75.21 years female (1992); Montenegro - 76.33 years male, 82.27 years female (1992)
Literacy
[time series]
89% (male 95%, female 83%) age 10 and over can read and write (1991 est.)
Nationality
[time series]
noun - Serbian(s) and Montenegrin(s); adjective - Serbian and Montenegrin
Net migration rate
[time series]
NA migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Organized labor
[time series]
NA
Population
[time series]
10,642,000 (July 1992), growth rate NA% (1991)
Religions
[time series]
Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 11%
Total fertility rate
[time series]
NA children born/woman (1992)